Target group of activation

Both narrow and wider concepts of activation are used in the academic and the policy-oriented debate. Narrow definitions point at the activation of particular target groups or benefit schemes whereas wider definitions point at modifications to the overall welfare state environment, which also implies larger target groups. 

From the legal point of view, it is crucial whether persons have an individual legal entitlement on activation, or whether benefits are granted only at the discretion of the administration or according to the first-come, first-served principle. 

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As stated above, the various target groups of activation are not subject to a uniform statutory regime rather, every specific group comes under a separate body of legal rules. This fact is underscored in the following sections, and, where applicable, references to the relevant provisions governing coordination are depicted. 

Contingent convergence across target groups of activation... 

Besides workfare elements of activation, case management also offers the opportunity to have more tailor-made individualised assistance to overcome barriers to labour market integration and gainful employment. The broad trend towards more individualised case management informed by profiling and personal interviews, however, is somewhat at odds with traditional target-group oriented active... 

In synthetic target molecules esters, lactones, amides, and lactams are the most common carboxylic acid derivatives. In order to synthesize them from carboxylic acids one has generally to produce an activated acid derivative, and an enormous variety of activating reagents is known, mostly developed for peptide syntheses (M. Bodanszky, 1976). In actual syntheses of complex esters and amides, however, only a small selection of these remedies is used, and we shall mention only generally applicable methods. The classic means of activating carboxyl groups arc the acyl azide method of Curtius and the acyl chloride method of Emil Fischer. 

STAT signaling occurs within minutes following activation but also underlies rapid deactivation by cytoplasmic phosphatases or antagonistic factors such as members of the SOCS-proteins themselves induced by activated STATs. Another group of proteins called PIAS (proteins that inhibit active STATs) inhibit binding of activated STATs to their target DNA sequences... 

Macrolides are a group of antibiotics, produced in nature by many actinomycetes strains, that are composed of a 12- to 16-membered lactone ring, to which one or more sugar substituents is attached. They target the peptidyl transferase center on the 50S ribosomal subunit and function primarily by interfering with movement of the nascent peptide away from the active site and into the exit tunnel. 

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