Systems theory worse

This theory also explains plasticization by nonsolvents (softeners). When introduced into the polymer mass, these molecules act by holding apart the polymer molecules and so breaking some unions between active centers on the polymer. It was also explained why internally plasticized systems behave worse with the temperature than the externally plasticized, since molecules of a separate plasticizer are free to solvate and desolvate the active centers on the resin macromolecules to a given extent, determined by the concentration, the temperature and the equilibrium involved in the system. Permanently bound side chains have no such freedom. Other properties such as the tear strength or the creep behavior of plasticized systems were also explained. 

Efficient outcomes make at least one person better off and no one worse off as the result of choice. Choices that make some better off without making others worse off are described as having gains from trade and are labeled Pareto optimal or just optimal. Neoclassical economic theory argues that, under most circumstances, a system of property rights and markets produces these efficient outcomes. But this system is efficient only if aU the effects of choices are included in market prices. If prices do not incorporate aU these effects, such situations are described as inefficient or market failures. 

The Schrodinger equation for even a single /V-electron atom is a partial differential equation with 3N variables, and to make matters worse, the interelectron interaction causes the solutions to be true 3/V-dimensional functions that cannot simply be broken down into smaller constituent parts. Nevertheless, despite the staggering complexity of even small-sized systems, quantum theory has yielded great success in calculating useful properties of complex systems and in producing... 

Some of the necessary background has already been discussed in Chapter 15 ( 15.4.4), and we wdl only outline the major points here. Recall that in theory we could plug expressions for all known interaction energies into the Boltzmann equation (6.9) and we should then know all thermodynamic properties of our system. In reality this is unthinkable because we would generate more than an Avogadro s number of equations for one mole of solution, creating something worse than the famous n-body interaction problem. 

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