Gadolinium, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

KEYWORDS anthropogenic gadolinium, rare earth elements, tapwater, contrast agent, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis... 

Grobner, T. 2006. Gadolinium - a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 21,1104-1108. 

Collidge TA, Thomson PC, Mark PB, Traynor JP, Jardine AG, Morris ST, Simpson K, Roditi GH (2007) Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis retrospective study of a renal replacement therapy cohort. Radiology 245 168-175. 

Grobner T, Prischl FC (2007) Gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Kidney Int. 72 260-264. 

Wiginton, C.D., Kelly, B., Oto, A., etal. (2008) Gadolinium-based contrast exposure, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and gadolinium detection in tissue. American Journal of Roentgenology, 190, 1060-1068. 

Strieker BH, Psaty BM. Detection, verification, and quantification of adverse drug reactions. Br Med J 2004 329(7456) 44-7. Thomsen HS, Marckmann P, Logager VB. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) a late adverse reaction to some of the gadolinium based contrast agents. Cancer Imaging 2007 7 130-7. 

Figure 6. Postulated pathogenesis of NSF (Explanation in the text). Abbreviations GFR, glomerular filtration rate CaxP, calcium-phosphorus product NSF, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis IV, intravenous GCCA, gadolinium-containing contrast agents.

Todd DJ, Kagan A, Chibnik LB, Kay J Cutaneous changes of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Predictor of early mortality and association with gadolinium exposure. Arthritis Rheum 56 3433-3441, 2007. 

High WA, Ayers RA, Chandler J, Zito G, Cowper SE Gadolinium is detectable within the tissue of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.UAmAcodDermatol56 21-26, 2007. 

Abraham JL, Thakral C, Skov L, Rossen K, Marckmann P Dermal inorganic gadolinium concentrations Evidence for n vrVo trans-metallation and long-term persistence in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. BrJDermatol 158 273-280,2008. 

Sieber MA, Pietsch H, Walter J, Haider W, FrenzelT,Weinmann HJ A preclinical study to investigate the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis A possible role for gadolinium-based contrast media. Invest Radiol 43 65-75,2008. 

Wahba IM, Simpson EL, White K Gadolinium is not the only trigger for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Insights from two cases and review ofthe recent literature.Am JTransp/anf 7 2425-2432, 2007. 

Anavekar NS, Chong AH, Norris R, Dowling J, Goodman D Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in a gadolinium-naive renal transplant recipient. Australas J Dermatol 49 44-47,2008. 

Morcos SK Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis following the administration of extracellular gadolinium based contrast agents Is the stability ofthe contrast agent molecule an important factor in the pathogenesis of this condition BrJ Radiol 80 73-76,2007. 

Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Dawson P Is there a causal relation between the administration of gadolinium based contrast media and the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) Clin Radiol61 905-906,2006. 

Perazella MA Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, kidney disease, and gadolinium is there a link Clin JAm Soc Nephrol 2 200-202, 2007. 

Swaminathan S, HornTD, Pellowski D,Abul-EzzS, Bornhorst JA,ViswamitraS,Shah SV Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, gadolinium, and iron mobilization.A/fng/TMed357 720-722, 2007. 

Richmond H, Zwerner J, Kim Y, Eiorentino D Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Relationship to gadolinium and response to photopheresis. Arch Dermafo/143 1025-1030, 2007. 

Rosenkranz AR, GrobnerT, Mayer GJ. Conventional or gadolinium containing contrast media the choice between acute renal failure or nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Wien klin Wochenschr 2007,119 271-275. 

AndrejakM,Thuillier D, LokC, Gras-Champel V. Fibrose systemique nephrogenique et produitsa base de gadolinium donnees disponibles debut 2007 Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis and Gadolinium-based Contrast Media. Therapie 2007 62 169-172. 

Of two patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after exposure to the macro-cyclic gadolinium-based agent gadobutrol, which has previously been considered as carrying a low risk compared with the linear agents, one had chronic kidney disease stage 3 and had been exposed to 17.5 ml of contrast and the other had been exposed... 

Gadolinium-based contrast agents were associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in 2006. The linear chelates, and especially gadodiamide, are most commonly implicated. The macrocy-clic agents are regarded as relatively safe. 

Thomsen HS. ESUR guideline gadolinium-based contrast media and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Eur Radiol. 2007 17 2692-6. 

J. -M. Idee, M. Port, C. Medina, E. Lancelot, E. Fayoux, S. Ballet and C. Corot, Possible Involvement of Gadolinium Chelates in the Pathophysiology of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis A Critical Review , Toxicology, 2008, 248, 77. D. Inkmann, NMR in Solid Ionics and Nanoionics , J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mat., 2008, 10, 2187. 

Several late sequelae of the use of gadolinium-containing MRI contrast agents have been described in patients with advanced renal failure, for example nephrogenic systemic fibrosis [SEDA 32, 852],... 

Agarwal R, Brunelli SM, Williams K, Mitchell MD, Feldman HI, Umscheid CA Gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis a systematic review and meta-analy-sis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009 24 856-863. 

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