Systematic Distribution

Most of what we know about the systematic distribution of the anthocyanins, and in fact a good deal of their chemistry also, is due to Sir Robert Robinson and his collaborators. The results of their studies up to 1939 were summarized and discussed in a paper in the Philosophical 

Yitis vinifera Ficus carica Prunus avium var. Morus nigra Prunus communis var. Puniea granatum Ruhus idaeus Prunus spinosa Fragaria vesca Fragaria virginiana 

Pelargonidin-3-monoside Malvidin-3-monoside Cyanidin-3-monoside (galactose) Peonidin-3-monoside (glucose) 

Apart from these, very few identifications of anthocyanins in foods seem to have been made, though some of those listed have since been confirmed. Thus Sondheimer and Kertesz (1948) have confirmed that the pigment of strawberries is pelargonidin monoglucoside. In Jonathan and Stayman Winesap apples the pigment has been identified as cyanidin-3-galactoside (Sando, 1937). 

In vegetables, betanin, the pigment of red beets, calls for special note. 

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The primitive carbonaceous meteorites, which include the hydrated CI and CM meteorites and mostly-anhydrous meteorites such as the Allende CV meteorite [69], reach Earth from the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroid reflectance properties display a remarkably systematic distribution as a function of heliocentric distance for asteroids in this belt, and hence meteorite types, with the most primitive ones located farthest from the sun. Asteroid hydration occurred when internal heating melted (water) ice that had co-accreted with dust, chondrules and refractory inclusions in the solar nebula. These asteroids form the IR spectroscopic C-class with clays, carbon and organics at the surface similar to CI and CM meteorite parent bodies [70]. They and the Allende CV parent body, which apparently did not accrete (much) ice, are from the same zone of the asteroid belt. Even more primitive asteroids closer to Jupiter still contain co-accreted ices, organic materials and silicate dust. They define the IR spectroscopic primitive (P)-and dark (D)-class [70] bodies that include comet nuclei and many near-Earth asteroids [10]. 

There is no discernible pattern to the spatial distribution of siderite other than its sporadic occurrence within wells and within the field. Ankerite is also sporadically distributed and restricted to samples located at or close to the boundary with the underlying shales of the Drake Formation (Dunlin Group Fig. 4). Systematic distribution of diagenetic ankerite in the vicinity of mudstone units has been noted by Macaulay et al. (1993) in Jurassic sandstones of the Magnus field. North Sea. Siderite and ankerite represent minor cements in terms of total volume precipitated at field scale. 

Herring PJ. Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms. J. Biolumin Chemilumin 1987 1 147-63. 

However, in diabetic and also dexa-methasone-treated rats, the systematic distribution is contrarily decreased [82]. An explanation is the increased density of the basal lamina underlying the gastrointestinal mucosa that may hinder particle transport to deeper viUous regions. 

Ginns, J. Lefebvre, M. Lignicolous Corticoid Fungi of North America Systematics, Distribution, and Ecology, American Phytopathology Society St. Paul, MN, 1993. 

Fig. 10-28 Systematic distribution of the carbon atoms of acetyi-CoA in the Krebs cycie among the various metaboiites. The dot and asterisk identity those carbon atoms from the initiai acetyi-CoA.

The preferred result indicating good control would be to find that the measure of systematic distribution (northeast to southwest) is equal to the random distribution (northwest to southeast) and that these measures are acceptably small, see Appendix 2. The respective levels of uncertainly can be quantified. 

Non-tetrasporangiate stamens in the angiosperms Structure, systematic distribution and evolutionary aspects. Botanische Jahrbiicherfiir Systematik, 112,193-240. 

No survey of the systematic distribution of flavones, flavonols, and flavanones has been made comparable with that carried out on the anthocyanins. This is due in the first place to the absence, until recent years, of any tests for their identification comparable in simplicity with those available for the anthocyanins and in the second place, to the wider range of variety of these compounds and their glycosides found in nature. 

As a first approximation, the systematic distribution of the catechin-leuco-anthocyanin group of substances can be taken to coincide with that of tannins, as recorded in the botanical literature, since the condensed, or catechin, tannins, which this group comprises, outnumber by far the hydrolyzable (tannic acid) group (c/. Rottsieper, 1946 Russell, 1935). The tanniniferous families of the dicotyledons are listed by Metcalfe and Chalk (1950). These include almost all the woody plants... 

Bate-Smith, . G., and Geissman, T. A. 1951. Benzalcoumaranones. Nature 167, 688. Bate-Smith, E. C., and Lerner, N. H. 1954. Systematic distribution of leucoantho-cyanins in leaves. Biochem. J. (in press). 

Bates-Smith EC (1956) The commoner phenoUc constituents of pleints and their systematic distribution. Proc R Dublin Sd 27 165-176... 

Barnes JP, Putnam AR, Burke A (1986) Allelopathic activity of rye Secale cereale L.). In Putnam AR, Tang CS (eds) Science of allelopathy. Wiley, New York, NY, pp 271-286 Bates-Smith EC (1956) The commoner phenolic constituents of plants and their systematic distribution. Proc R Dublin Sci 27 165-176... 

Harbome JB. 3-Desoxyanthocyanins and their systematic distribution in ferns and gesnerads. Phytochemistry 1966 5 589-600. 

Bate-Smith, E. C. The commoner phenolic constituents of plants and their systematic distribution. Sci. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc. 27, 165—176 (1956). 

Bate-Smith E C 1973 Systematic distribution of ellagitannins in relation to the phylogeny and classification of the angiosperms. In Bendz G, Santesson J (eds) Chemistry in botanical classification. Academic Press London, 93-102... 

Bate-Smith E C, Metcalfe C R 1957 Leuco-anthocyanins. 3. The nature and systematic distribution of tannins in dicotyledonous plants. J Linn Soc Bot 55 669-705... 

Harborne, J.B. Comparative Biochemistry of Flavonoids. II. 3-Desoxyanthocyan-ins and Their Systematic Distribution in Ferns and Gesnerads. Phytochem. 5, 589 (1966). 

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