System self-organization

Some Properties of Complex Systems Self-organization, the Butterfly Effect, Adaptability and Probabilistic Advantages... 

R. Feistel and W. Ebeling, Evolution of Complex Systems. Self-Organization, Entropy and Development (Kluwer, Boston, 1988). 

The core concept of this fast growing new field is the ability to manipulate/assemble nanometer-scale building blocks into integrated systems. Self-organizing phenomena and nanoscale events share the same working length scale of 1 nm-1 pm and are driven by the same major forces of formation, primarily weak inter-molecular forces. This provides the foundation of the so-called bottom-up construction of nanoscale... 

Catalysis and Photocatalysis at Polarized Molecular Interfaces An Electrochemical Approach to Catalytic Processes Based on Two-Phase Systems, Self-Organized Microheterogeneous Structures, and Unsupported Nanoparticles... 

L. Ya. Zakharova, F. G. Valeeva, D. B. Kudryavtsev, A. V. Bilalov, A. Ya. Tret yakova, L. A. Kudryavtseva, A. I. Konovalov, V. P. Barabanov, Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyethyleneimine-water system. Self-organization and catalytic activity, Russ. Chem. Bull., 2005, 54, 641-649. 

When resources are abundant, systems that are able to maximize resource throughput prevail, no matter their efficiency. Maximum efficiency is not always the best strategy for survival. Only when resources are scarce, systems self-organize to achieve maximum output by increasing efficiency. They therefore choose different thermodynamic strategies depending on external constraints and available resources. 

In real systems, self-organization occurs in course of time due to interaction of forces, counter-forces and environment. Evolution of living system, human society, historical evolution have passed through different stages via bifurcation [6] since counter-force to combat forces creating disorder emerges in course of time. Similar situations occur in case of fluctuations in stock market, price and investment. 

A recently described multicellular model that may offer promise is the formation of liver buds from pluripotent stem cells cultured with endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells (Takebe et al., 2013). This coculture system self-organizes into a 3D bud of cells with a complex vasculature and shows improved hepatic function compared to 2D controls. Despite this, the authors report a lack of biliary cell formation suggesting that this model, while being a step forward, requires independent reproduction and further development before fully recapturing the complex architecture of the liver. 

In this chapter we are mostly focusing the attention to the K absorption edges of light elements as for instance C, N, and O as measured for oligomers, polymers and biomaterials molecular systems self organized onto solid... 

Fig. 25 Schematic illustration of one of four self-assembling porphyrin 39 systems self-organized into bilayers (reprinted with permission from [99]. (2002) The National Academy of Sciences)...

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