System algorithm-based

Abstract. In this paper we present an Abstract Immune System Algorithm, based on the model introduced by Farmer et at, inspired on the theory of Clonal Selection and Idiotypic Network due to Niels Jeme. The proposed algorithm can be used in order to solve problems much in the way that Evolutionary Algorithms or Artificial Neural Networks do. Besides presenting the Algorithm itself, we briefly discuss its various parameters, how to encode input data and how to extract the output data from its outcome. The reader can do their own experiments using the workbench found in the address http //ctp.di.fct.unl.pt/ jddp/immune/. 

Steward (S3) proposed an algorithm based on tearing a variable from only one equation at a time and evaluating each tear on the basis of the size of the resulting subsystems of simultaneous equations in the torn system and numerical considerations of the particular equations. Each variable is torn successively from each equation in which it appears and the effectiveness of the tear evaluated. 

A marker substance is injected into a central vein. A peripheral arterial line is used to measure the amount of the substance in the arterial system. A graph of concentration versus time is produced and patented algorithms based on the Stewart-Hamilton equation (below) are used to calculate the cardiac output. 

The proposed technique is based on an extension to time-varying systems of Wiener s optimal filtering method (l-3). The estimation of the corrected chromato gram is optimal in the sense of minimizing the estimation error variance. A test for verifying the results is proposed, which is based on a comparison between the "innovations" sequence and its corresponding expected standard deviation. The technique is tested on both synthetic and experimental examples, and compared with an available recursive algorithm based on the Kalman filter ( ). 

Current pollen detection and warning systems are based solely on morphological information. Pollen samples are deposited from the air, pretreated, and then analysed microscopically. The method works well, but it can be slow. Our research is directed towards the development of a fast automated on-line detection of pollen species based on Raman spectral fingerprints. The Raman spectra are treated as patterns that can be recognized by identification algorithms, which are more objective and less time-consuming than mere visual inspection. 

Using the P-V path method, Sachs [8] obtained a number of topological properties for a benzenoid system. He proposed an algorithm, based on the topological properties, for recognizing the existence of Kekule structures. 

Levis et al. (2003) described an algorithm based on the data of field and laboratory measurements that enables calculation of BVOC emissions being used as a component of the interactive climate model CCSM (Version 2.0) for the atmosphere-ocean-land-sea ice cover system developed by National Center for... 

New algorithms based on EFA and FSMW-EFA have refined the performance of the parent methods [43, 44] and have widened their applicability to the study of systems with concurrent processes [45] or complex spatial structure, such as spectroscopic images [46],... 

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