Synthetic colorants formulations

We have observed a decreasing interest in the development of new synthetic colorants, while increased efforts are directed toward the discovery of new natural pigments and the development of extractions and formulations of natural colorants. ... 

French researchers provided an alternative to the tartrazine synthetic colorant (E 102), valorizing a phloridzine oxidation product (POP) generated as a by-product of the cider industry. Phloridzine is a polyphenol specific to apples and shows good antioxidant capacity. When apples are pressed to yield juice, phloridzine, oxygen, and polyphenoloxidase enzyme combine to form POP. This brilliant yellow natural colorant with nuances dependent on pH level can be incorporated easily into water-based foods such as beverages (juices, syrups) and confectionery creams because it is stable during production processes. Details about the specific formulations of these colorants are presented in Section 5.1. 

These synthetic binders commonly known as latexes are mostly modified with functional monomers such as vinyl acids, amides, acrylonitrile, etc. to improve the colloidal and rheological properties of coating color formulations and the printing and/or packaging properties of coated papers and paperboards. 

Uses. Neopentyl glycol is used extensively as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of polyester resins (see Alkyd resins), polyurethane polyols (see Urethane polymers), synthetic lubricants, polymeric plasticizers (qv), and other polymers. It imparts a combination of desirable properties to properly formulated esterification products, including low color, good weathering and chemical resistance, and improved thermal and hydrolytic stabiUty. 

Other natural product-based resins also became widely used, such as the light colored Lewis acid oligomerized products of terpenes such as a-pinene, p-pinene, and limonene. These natural product resins are relatively expensive, however, and formulators now often use the newer, less expensive synthetic resins in present day natural rubber PSAs. These are termed the aliphatic or C-5 resins and are Lewis acid oligomerized streams of predominately C-5 unsaturated monomers like cis- and /rawi-piperylene and 2-methyl-2-butenc [37]. These resins are generally low color products with compatibility and softening points similar to the natural product resins. Representative products in the marketplace would be Escorez 1304 and Wingtack 95. In most natural rubber PSA formulations, rubber constitutes about 100 parts and the tackifier about 75-150 parts. 

The structures of four of the synthetic carotenoids (beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, beta-apo-8 -carotenol, beta-apo-8 -carotenoic acid) are shown in Fig. 8.2. By virtue of their conjugated double bond structure, they are susceptible to oxidation but formulations with antioxidants were developed to minimize oxidation. Carotenoids are classified as oil soluble but most foods require water soluble colorants thus three approaches were used to provide water dispersible preparations. These included formulation of colloidal suspensions, emulsification of oily solutions, and dispersion in suitable colloids. The Hoffman-LaRoche firm pioneered the development of synthetic carotenoid colorants and they obviously chose candidates with better technological properties. For example, the red canthaxanthin is similar in color to lycopene but much more stable. Carotenoid colorants are appropriate for a wide variety of foods.10 Regulations differ in other countries but the only synthetic carotenoids allowed in foods in the US are beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and beta-8-carotenol. 

Paint formulations consist of a binder (a natural or synthetic polymer or drying oil), a solvent, and a pigment or colorant, including an extender, typically calcium carbonate or a silicate. Because of the reactivity of organic polymers toward ozone, it is not surprising that ozone damage has been observed, at least in laboratory experiments. In 1968,... 

This chapter is designed to provide a basic understanding of the synthetic resin (plastics) processing that is necessary to improve or alter the properties of various synthetic resin materials so these resins may be turned into more desirable and useful consumer products. It also discusses the health, safety, and environmental issues associated with the industrial processes used to formulate colorant and additive products. 

Independently and simultaneously, the anhydronium base structure XXVII was proposed for sempervirine (90, 91). This formulation clearly provides a more satisfactory explanation of the color of the alkaloid, its high basicity, and the absence of absorption corresponding to an imino group in the IR-spectrum (90, 91). In contrast, the synthetic base XXV exhibits a sharp NH band at 3480 cm-1 (88). 

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