Synthesis problems, classification

Emergent Synthesis, Fig. 1 Classification of synthesis problems and problem domains... 

Emergent Synthesis, Table 1 The numbers of reviewed papers in terms of problem classification... 

Major advances and problems in the field of synthesis, properties, structure and applications of polymers containing metallochelate units are discussed. Included are terminology, classification and nomenclature of these compounds as well as major approaches to calculating the equilibrium constants of chelation with polymeric ligands and chelate effect in metallopolymeric systems. Special attention is paid to the production and structural features of polymers containing metallochelate units. The most important applications of such polymers are classified... 

Another problem results from the classification of the synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines by the fragments involved. As previously stated,5 most syntheses of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines can be classified as a (2+1+2 + 1) method. From these fragments larger fragments can be prepared. The question arises, at which point of the synthesis is the synthesis classified. Therefore, it is to some extent arbitrary in which part of this section a synthesis is discussed. 

Independent of the classification problem, it is clear that both Process Synthesis and Process Integration are systems-oriented activities and belong to the same conceptual purpose. Key features of an Integrated Process Design are listed below ... 

Similar to protein-DNA interactions, protein-RNA interactions also perform vital roles in the cell including protein synthesis, viral replication, cellular defense and developmental regulation [145,146]. One major direction in the analysis of protein-RNA interactions is to identify proteins that bind RNA based on features derived from physio-chemical properties of the sequence. A number of published works have focused casting this problem as a binary classification problem using the support vector machines (SVM) classifier to identify proteins that bind RNA [33-35, 51]. Each of these works derived large data sets from the SwissProt database and applied the support vector machines classifier to discriminate protein sequences that bind RNA from all other sequences. Since sequence analysis techniques can identity homologous proteins as having similar function, most of these works reduced the redundancy of the data sets below a certain threshold <40% [35], < 25%... 

The multitude of terms in the literature, describing the outcome of a given chemical transformation, is a result of the need to emphasize a particular characteristic or selective aspect of a given transformation, e.g. stereoselectivity of the process, optical purity of the product(s), the generation or destruction of an asymmetric center during the transformation, etc.. Asymmetric synthesis, chiral synthesis, asymmetric induction, asymmetric destruction, kinetic resolution, asymmetric desymmetrization are such terms - ones that have described well, specific aspects of a wide variety of reactions. To date, there has been no attempt to depict all of these aspects as parts of a "big picture." Indeed, the problem of a systematic universal classification of chemical transformations has remained unsolved. 

While many of these points are valid, there are often solutions that help alleviate any problems. As just explained, the use of dynamic features helps greatly with the problems of observation independence and discrete states. As we shall see, the linearity issue is potentially more of a problem in speech synthesis. Models such as neural netwoiks that perform classification directly have been proposed [375] and have produced reasonable... 

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