Synthesis networks, characterization

This chapter emphasizes the recent mechanistic and kinetic findings on phenolic oligomer syntheses and network formation. The synthesis and characterization of both novolac- and resole-type phenolic resins and dieir resulting networks are described. Three types of networks, novolac-hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA),... 

Davis, P. A. Nicolais, L., Ambrosio, L., and Huang, S. J., Synthesis and characterization of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(capro-lactone), Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 56, 536-540, 1987. 

This paper concerns the synthesis and characterization of a series of polyCA N-dimethylacrylamide)-l-polyisobutylene (PDMAAm-l-PIB) amphiphilic networks. The use of these networks as potential drug delivery systems is also demonstrated. 

The history of dendrimer chemistry can be traced to the foundations laid down by Flory [34] over fifty years ago, particularly his studies concerning macro-molecular networks and branched polymers. More than two decades after Flory s initial groundwork (1978) Vogtle et al. [28] reported the synthesis and characterization of the first example of a cascade molecule. Michael-type addition of a primary amine to acrylonitrile (the linear monomer) afforded a tertiary amine with two arms. Subsequent reduction of the nitriles afforded a new diamine, which, upon repetition of this simple synthetic sequence, provided the desired tetraamine (1, Fig. 2) thus the advent of the iterative synthetic process and the construction of branched macromolecular architectures was at hand. Further growth of Vogtle s original dendrimer was impeded due to difficulties associated with nitrile reduction, which was later circumvented [35, 36]. This procedure eventually led to DSM s commercially available polypropylene imine) dendrimers. 

Demoustier-Champagne, S. Devaux, J. Polysilanes and copolymers synthesis and characterization. In Recent Research Developments in Polymer Science-, Pandalai, S. G., Ed. Transworld Research Network Trivandrum, 1998 Vol. 2, pp 1—27. 

This chapter is meant to be an overview of ongoing studies of polysiloxane-modified epoxy resins. Because this research area is still quite young, it is not yet possible to write a standard review article. Presented here is the current status of a collaborative effort encompassing chemistry and synthesis of the modified networks, their morphology, their mechanical properties, and their friction and wear behavior. The earliest work in the synthesis and characterization of siloxane-modified networks was done by Riffle et al. 15). More recent research in the area of chemistry and synthesis has been carried out by Tran 17). 

The synthesis and characterization of these ABA block copolymers of styrene and dienes have been described elsewhere (JO, 11). Since the polystyrene end blocks aggregate into glassy domains which act as network junctions, the elastic center blocks must virtually represent the network chains/ The polystyrene domains should also act as a finely divided filler. Hence it might be expected that the mechanical properties of these materials could depend on the two basic parameters polystyrene content and length of center block ( molecular weight between crosslinks ). 

Frisch HL, Gebreyes K, Frisch KC (1988) Synthesis and characterization of semi- and full-interpenetrating polymer networks of poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide) and polydimethylsiloxane. J Poly Sci Part A Poly Chem 26(9) 2589-2596... 

This work was supported by the Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence (PENCE) of Canada, which is funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council and Medical Research Council. The author is the recipient of a Scientist career award from the Medical Research Council of Canada. The author acknowledges the technical assistance of Philip Owen, Michael Williams, and Luan Vo in the synthesis and characterization of BCA-1. 

Darras V, Fichet O, Perrot F et al. (2007) Polysiloxane-Poly(fluoiinated acrylate) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Synthesis and Characterization. Polymer, 48 687-95... 

Morton, M. Fetters, L.J. Inomata, J. Rubio, D.C. Young, R.N. Synthesis and properties of uniform polyisoprene networks. I. Synthesis and characterization of a,co-dihydroxy polyisoprene. Rubber Chem. Technol. 1976, 49, 303. 

Yu X, Tanaka A, Tanaka K, Tanaka T (1992) Phase transition of a poly(acrylic acid) gel induced by polymer complexation. J Chem Phys 97 7805-7808 Zhang J, Peppas NA (2000) Synthesis and characterization of pH- and temperature-sensitive poly (methacrylic acid)/poly(A-isopropylacrylamide) interpenetrating polymeric networks. Macromolecules 33 102-107... 

Zhang Y, Won CY, Chu CC. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable network hydrogels having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components with controlled swelling behavior. J Polym Sci Part A. Polym Chem 1999 37 4554 569. 

Chapters 7-9 form the second part and describe the hypercrosshnked polystyrene networks. These chapters cover in detail the basic principles of the formation of hypercrosshnked polymers, the synthesis of hypercrosshnked networks and also the properties and morphology of the polystyrene networks. Characterization techniques such as electron microscopy and X ray scattering are also covered. Hypercrosshnked polymers like polysuhbne, polyarylates or polyanilines among others are also reported on as a novel class of polymeric materials. 

Garcia-Uriostegui, L., Burillo, G., and Bucio, E. 2012. Synthesis and characterization of thermosensitive interpenetrating polymer networks based on N-isopropylacrylamide/N-acryloxysuccinimide, crosslinked with polylysine, grafted onto polypropylene. Radiat Phys Chem. 81 295-300. 

Mukae, K., Bae, Y.H., Okano, T. et al. 1990b. New thermosensitive hydrogel Polyfethylene oxide-dimethyl-siloxane-ethylene oxide)/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) interpenetrating polymer networks. I. synthesis and characterization. Polym 7. 22 206-217. 

Ortega, A., Bucio, E., and Burillo, G. 2008. New interpenetrating polymer networks of N-isopropylacrylamide/ N-acryloxysuccinimide Synthesis and characterization. Polym Bull. 60 515-524. 

C. Plesse, F. Vidal, H. Randriamahazaka, D. Teyssie, and C. Chevrot, Synthesis and characterization of conducting interpenetrating polymer networks for new actuators. Polymer, 46 (18), 7771-7778 (2005). 

Sellergren, B. Hall, A.J. Fundamental aspects on the synthesis and characterization of imprinted network polymers. In Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Elsevier Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2001 p. 21. 

Li, B., Xie, B. Synthesis and characterization of konjac glucomannan/poly(vinyl alcohol) interpenetrating polymer networks. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 93, 2775-2780 (2004)... 

Peng, Y, Zhang, S., Zhang, L., Guo, J., and Xu, Y. 2011. Synthesis and characterization of hydrophilic polyester-PEO networks with shape-memory properties. 

Vancaeyzeele, C., Pichet, O., Boileau, S., and Teyssie. D. 2005. Polyisobutene-poly(methylmethacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks Synthesis and characterization. Polymer 46(18) 6888-6896. 

Muneera, B., and Siddaramaiah. 2004. Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane/polybutyl methacrylate interpenetrating polymer networks. Journal of Materials Science 39(14) 4615-4623. 

Mi, F.L., Sung, H.W and Shyu, S.S. (2000) Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-based network prepared using naturally occurring crosslinker. Journal of Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry, 38, 2804—2814. 

Li T, Zhong G, Fu R, Yang Y (2010) Synthesis and characterization of Nafion/cross-linked PVP semi-interpenetrating polymer network membrane for direct methanol fuel cell. J Membr Sci 354 189-197... 

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