Synthesis modular principles

CPC developed a series of table-top micro reaction systems called CYTOS (Figure 4.22), SEQUOS and OPTIMOS based on a standardized platform. CYTOS is the basic laboratory system with internal and external modularity for high flexibility by running different chemical reactions. The internal modularity offers the realization of variable reaction times up to 45 min by using several residence time units. The external modularity provides a system configuration for a multi-step synthesis. CPC Systems individual connecting principle minimizes the dead volume in the system and provides the reaction with isothermal conditions through the whole system [74, 75]. 

These principles of crystal engineering and supramolecular synthesis have thus far been used to design, isolate, and characterize network structures from relatively small molecular components. In the context of coordination polymer networks, a recent review indicates how wide the range of chemical components and accessible network motifs has become.48b However, the scale of these structures is such that cavities and channels are on the order of 1 nm and, to date, each cavity is identical. Careful selection of appropriate substrates or components and ever more control over crystal packing will offer the potential for rational design of an even more extensive array of modular (i.e. binary, ternary, or even higher order) structures than those that are currently available. In particular, judicious choice of supermolecules... 

The preparation of surfactant molecules in the laboratory is often achieved by the method of modular synthesis [7,8]. This means that the molecule is considered as an assembly of subunits called moduli. In this way we can distinguish in natural surfactants bi- or trimodular structures, as shown in Scheme 1. Based on this principle, the synthetic approaches and strategies are variable. The amino acid by itself may or may not constitute the hydrophilic modulus alternatively, it may play the role of the junction modulus or that of an anchor unit for the hydrophobic group attached to it via a C-C bond, depending on its specific structure. 

The simplicity of synthesis with no necessity for the use of organic templates and other structure-directing agents, and for high-temperature calcinations to remove the template makes MOFs competitive in comparison with zeolites. The principles of the modular chemistry and methodology of synthesis of MOFs and, in general, porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are presented in a few very good recent reviews [23-25]. The synthesis and properties of the new JUC family of MOFs (JUC is the abbreviation of Jilin University China) is the focus of the review [26]. 

---