Synthesis hydrophobic interactions

Kim CU, Lew W, Wilhams MA, Liu H, Zhang L, Swaminathan S, Bischofberger N, Chen MS, Mendel DB, Tai CY, Laver WG, Stevens RC (1997) Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors possessing a novel hydrophobic interaction in the enzyme active site design, synthesis, and structural analysis of carbocyclic sialic acid analogues with potent anti-influenza activity. J Am Chem Soc 119 681-690... 

The gel properties will also be influenced by many other parameters including the nature of the cross-links, synthesis conditions, type and concentration of initiator used, phase separation, and the presence of noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Nonetheless, the gel properties depend primarily upon the monomers used. 

Seebach, D., Abele, S., Gademann, K., Guichard, G., Hintermann, T., Jaun, B., Matthews, J. L., and Schreiber, J. V. (1998). /32- and /3 -peptides with proteinaceous side chains Synthesis and solution structures of constitutional isomers, a novel helical secondary structure and the influence of solvation and hydrophobic interactions on folding. Helv. Chim. Acta 81, 932-982. 

The reactions of the cycloamyloses may also be useful in achieving stereoselective organic synthesis or they may serve as models for hydrophobic interactions in aqueous solution. As the scope of cycloamylose catalysis is extended to include other reaction types and other cycloamylose derivatives, additional applications will undoubtedly be revealed for the cycloamyloses as catalysts. 

Recently Fujiwara et al. reported on the in vitro polymerization of trans-polyisoprene using the enzymes isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI) and fra 3-isoprenyl diphosphate synthase (IDS) [271]. IDI catalyzes the interconversion of IPP and DMAPP. IDS can now catalyze the polymerization of IPP from DMAPP as outlined above for the synthesis of natural rubber, and as outlined in Fig. 13a. However, the condensation process is inhibited due to hydrophobic interaction between IDS and hydrocarbon of the longer products. The hydrophobic chain of the elongating product does not readily protrude into the aqueous phase and it tends to interact with the enzyme. To achieve an efficient in vitro synthesis, the authors used an organic-aqueous two-liquid phase system to successfully synthesize (low molecular weight) fran.y-polyisoprene (see Fig. 13b). 

The formation of liquid crystals (LC) from suitably functionalized acetylenic SPMs has often been the motivation for their synthesis. A number of groups have sought to capitalize on the planar or nearly planar disk-like geometry of SPMs to promote the formation one-dimensional columnar stacks based on a combination of n-n stacking, van der Waals, dipole, and hydrophobic interactions. For example, Heiney, Moore, and coworkers have reported the high-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) of a tubular, discotic LC based on SPM 133, which has been synthesized via a Sonogashira reaction [106]. These studies reveal an unanticipated distortion and... 

V. Schreiber, L. Oberer, U. Hommel, H. Widmer, P - and p -Peptides with Proteinaceous Side-Chains - Synthesis and Solution Structures of Constitutional Isomers, a Novel Helical Secondary Structure and the Role of Hydrophobic Interactions on Folding , Helv. Chim. Acta 1998, 81, 932 -982,... 

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