Synonymous terms, explicit

The purity of the cerium-containing materials depends on the appHcation as indicated in Table 3, and purity can mean not only percentage of cerium content but also absence of unwanted components. For some uses, eg, gasoline production catalysts, the lanthanides are often used in the natural-ratio without separation and source Hterature for these appHcations often does not explicitly mention cerium. Conversely, particulady in ferrous metallurgy, cerium is often assumed to be synonymous with rare-earth or lanthanide and these terms are used somewhat interchangeably. 

The term standard error is not explicitly introduced. It is used sometimes (a) synonymously for standard deviation and (b) for the residual standard deviation in modelling and calibration. 

A realizable experimental design is a set of N measurements that are to be performed by the experimenter. Each of these measurements is represented by a point in factor space. Hereafter, if it is not mentioned explicitly, the terms point and measurement will be synonymous. One designates this set by a matrix X, having N rows and n columns. Each row represents one measurement, which is supposed to be performed at the conditions described by the values of the corresponding row. Each column corresponds to one of the controllable variables that are adjusted during the experiment. The set S = X is a subset of X, i.e., the general set of all points, hence... 

The historical association of epigenesis with embryonic development has been so close that the two terms are sometimes taken as synonymous, and this has been unfortunate because it has probably prevented biologists from realising that a convergent increase of complexity is a universal feature of life. The definitions of life which have appeared in the last 200 years (starting with Lamarck s entry) have produced a long list of supposedly essential characteristics (heredity, metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis, adaptation, autopoiesis, etc.), but none of them has explicitly mentioned epigenesis (for a list of such definitions see Appendix). 

Overproduction is not synonymous with underconsumption, since the latter term refers exclusively to lack of elfective demand for consumption goods. Crises of underconsumption must also be distinguished from the (hypothetical) crises that could arise from over-saving. In Otpital U Marx explicitly distinguishes between these two contradictions of capitalism" ... 

Largely stimulated by the synthesis of 3-lactam antibiotics, there have been widespread investigations into the stereochemical aspects of imine condensations, mainly involving reactions of enolates of carboxylic acid derivatives or silyl ketene acetals. In analogy to the aldol condensation, stereoselectivity of imine condensations will be discussed in terms of two types in this chapter (i) simple dia-stereoselectivity or syn-anti selectivity, when the two reactants are each prochiral (equation 12) and (ii) diastereofacial selectivity, when a new chiral center is formed in the presence of a pre-existing chiral center in one of the reactants (e.g. equation 13). The term asymmetric induction may be used synonymously with diastereofacial selectivity when one of the chiral reactants is optically active. For a more explicit explanation of these terms, see Heathcock s review on the aldol condensation. ... 

Solving the canonical Hartree-Fock equations for a particular molecule directly yields the canonical spinors of that molecule. How the equations can be solved is discussed from a technical point of view in the next section, while their explicit solution procedures are presented in chapters 9 and 10. The terms "Dirac-Hartree-Fock", "Dirac-Fock", and "four-component Hartree-Fock" are used synonymously in research papers. 

The SI unit of intensity, the candela, is defined (1985) as the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source that emits at 540 x 10 hertz (Hz) and has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian (W sr ). Although the candela should be a convenient unit in the discussion of radiative processes, it is not used in planetary astronomy or in the field of remote sensing. Hence we follow tradition and express the spectrally integrated intensity in W cm s the spectral intensity itself is then expressed in W cm sr Vcm (we prefer to retain this explicit expression rather than use the equivalent term W cm sr ). The term spectral radiance is synonymous with specific or spectral intensity. 

An interface is the area that separates two phases. If we consider the solid, liquid, and gas phases, we immediately get three combinations of interfaces the solid-liquid, the solid-gas, and the liquid-gas interfaces. The term surface is often used synonymously, although interface is preferred for the boundary between two condensed phases and in cases where the two phases are named explicitly. For example, we talk about a solid-gas interface but a solid surface. Interfaces can also separate two immiscible liquids such as water and oil. These are called liquid-liquid interfaces. Interfaces may even separate two different phases within one component. In a liquid crystal, for example, an ordered phase may coexist with an isotropic phase. Solid-solid interfaces separate two solid phases. They are important for the mechanical behavior of solid materials. Gas-gas interfaces do not exist because gases mix. 

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