Synonymous single nucleotide

Chasman, D. and R.M. Adams, "Predicting the Functional Consequences of Non-Synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Structure-Based Assessment of Amino Acid Variation," /. Mol. Biol., 307, 683-706 (2001). 

Letoumeau, I. J., Deeley, R. G., and Cole, S. P. (2005) Functional characterization of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRPl/ABCCl). Pharmacogenet. Genomics. 15,647-657. 

Cho SH, Oh SY, Bahn JW, et al. (2005) Association between bronchodUating response to short-acting beta-agonist and non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms of beta-adrenoceptor gene. Clin Exp Allergy. 35, 1162-1167. 

Daniel Chasman R, Adams M. Predicting the functional consequences of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms structure-based assessment of amino acid variation. J Mol Biol 1996 307 683-706. 

Tamura A, Wakabayashi K, Onishi Y, Takeda M, Ikegami Y, Sawada S, Tsuji M, Matsuda Y, Ishikawa T (2007) Re-evaluation and functional classification of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2. Cancer Sci 98 231-239... 

Bao, L., Cui, Y. Prediction of the phenotypic effects of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms using structural and evolutionary information. Bioinformatics 2005,21,2185-90. 

Soyama A, Saito Y, Hanioka N, Murayama N, Nakajima O, Katori N, Ishida S, Sai K, Ozawa S, Sawada JI (2001) Non-synonymous single nucleotide alterations found in the CYP2C8 gene result in redueed in vitro paelitaxel metabolism. Biol Pharm Bull 24 1427 1430... 

More than 50 polymorphisms, three insertions/deletions, and several promoter alterations that modify gene transcription have been described in the ABCBl gene. There are three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are common in most racial populations and demonstrate strong linkage disequilibrium the synonymous... 

Natural variation in the genes that encode adrenergic receptors (ARs) have been identified. The variations of major interest for common diseases are those that occur with allele frequencies >1% and are termed polymorphisms. Within the coding region, polymorphic variation can result in either a change in the encoded amino acid (nonsynonymous) or, because of the redundancy of the genetic code, have no effect on the encoded residue (synonymous). The most common variants are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but insertions and deletions are also found. AR polymorphisms have been considered as poten-... 

Fig. 2. A flowchart of the execution of FOOTER web tool. The orthologous human and mouse promoters are retrieved from one of the suggested web-accessible repositories. Transcription factors are selected from the list, either individually or by structural category. A search utility helps users in the selection of transcription factors. FOOTER provides alslo information about the various transcription factors, including synonyms and LOGOs with their binding preferences. The users also have the option to request for known single-nucleotide polymorphisms to be displayed in either or both of the promoters.

Koyano, S., Kurose, K., Ozawa, S., Saeki, M., Nakajima, Y., Hasegawa, R., Komamura, K., Ueno, K., Kamakura, S., Nakajima, T., et al. (2002) Eleven novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the NR1I2 (PXR) gene, four of which induce non-synonymous amino acid alterations. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 17, 561-565. 

It follows that the technique is useful to identify (1) point mutation (a single different nucleotide) that may be a silent mutation (also known as a synonymous mutation due to degenerate coding), resulting in a codon that codes for the same amino acid or a missense mutation (type of non-synonymous mutation) producing a codon that codes for a different amino acid the resulting protein may be non-functional but certain missense mutations can be quiet since the protein may stiU function polymorphisms, (3) insertions, and deletions. 

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