Nucleotide synonymous

Chasman, D. and R.M. Adams, "Predicting the Functional Consequences of Non-Synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Structure-Based Assessment of Amino Acid Variation," /. Mol. Biol., 307, 683-706 (2001). 

More than 50 polymorphisms, three insertions/deletions, and several promoter alterations that modify gene transcription have been described in the ABCBl gene. There are three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are common in most racial populations and demonstrate strong linkage disequilibrium the synonymous... 

Letoumeau, I. J., Deeley, R. G., and Cole, S. P. (2005) Functional characterization of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRPl/ABCCl). Pharmacogenet. Genomics. 15,647-657. 

Cho SH, Oh SY, Bahn JW, et al. (2005) Association between bronchodUating response to short-acting beta-agonist and non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms of beta-adrenoceptor gene. Clin Exp Allergy. 35, 1162-1167. 

Polynucleotide a polymer formed from nucleotide subunits a synon3m for nucleic acid. Polypeptide a synonym for protein. 

Cytarabine is an effective antimetabolite in treating leukemia. Like other pyrimidine antimetabolites, cytarabine must be activated by initially transforming into the corresponding nucleotide. The active form of the drag is cytarabine triphosphate. Cytarabine is used for all types of leukemia. Synonyms of this drug are cytosine, arabinoside, and ara-C. 

Daniel Chasman R, Adams M. Predicting the functional consequences of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms structure-based assessment of amino acid variation. J Mol Biol 1996 307 683-706. 

Exposure" refers to material ingested, inhaled, injected, or simply found in the environment it is expressed in appropriate units, such as milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) or parts per million (ppm). "Dose" refers to the amount of material reaching the target it is measured in such units as adducts per nucleotide. Because, by this definition, dose can hardly ever be measured, we use "dose" as a synonym for "exposure" when the meaning is clear from the context. 

Unweighted pathway Synonymous and nonsynonymous changes, with each further subdivided into three categories of nucleotide substitution 10... 

It follows that the technique is useful to identify (1) point mutation (a single different nucleotide) that may be a silent mutation (also known as a synonymous mutation due to degenerate coding), resulting in a codon that codes for the same amino acid or a missense mutation (type of non-synonymous mutation) producing a codon that codes for a different amino acid the resulting protein may be non-functional but certain missense mutations can be quiet since the protein may stiU function polymorphisms, (3) insertions, and deletions. 

Figure 2 Base stacking provided by the correlations in nucleotide sequences is the major mechanism of DNA thermostability. Upper row. Real amino acid sequence and original codon bias. Middle row. The effect of codon interface is removed through the reshuffling of protein sequences while retaining the actual codons used for each amino acid. Bottom row. Codon bias in natural protein sequences is removed by using synonymous codons with equal probabilities. ApG and CpT pairs in the sense strand and ApG pairs in the antisense strand of DNA are underlined if they are located inside one codon. For example (upper row), the first ApG pair in the sense strand is in the Lys codon, whereas the second ApG pair is on the border between the codons of Leu and Val.

Natural variation in the genes that encode adrenergic receptors (ARs) have been identified. The variations of major interest for common diseases are those that occur with allele frequencies >1% and are termed polymorphisms. Within the coding region, polymorphic variation can result in either a change in the encoded amino acid (nonsynonymous) or, because of the redundancy of the genetic code, have no effect on the encoded residue (synonymous). The most common variants are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but insertions and deletions are also found. AR polymorphisms have been considered as poten-... 

Tamura A, Wakabayashi K, Onishi Y, Takeda M, Ikegami Y, Sawada S, Tsuji M, Matsuda Y, Ishikawa T (2007) Re-evaluation and functional classification of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2. Cancer Sci 98 231-239... 

When the lysin sequences of the first seven species were obtained, we were impressed at how much divergence had occurred between their primary structures (Figure 9 Table 1). We also discovered that amino acid replacement was mainly nonconservative regarding the class of residue replaced. Next, we made pairwise comparisons of the aligned cDNA sequences and scored the numbers of amino acid altering (nonsynonymous) and silent (synonymous) nucleotide changes in the 21 pairwise comparisons of the seven sequences. The data (Table 2) showed that the vast majority of codon differences between any two lysins are amino acid altering. For example, in the comparison of mature red and pinto abalone lysins of 136 codons, 25 of the codon differences are nonsynonymous and only one is silent (Lee and Vacquier, 1992). 

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