Phenotypic effect

Leung L Saigo K., Grant D. Heparin binds to human monocytes and modulates their procoagulant activities and secretory phenotypes. Effect of histidine-rich glycoprotein. Blood 1989 73, 177-84. 

Interestingly, Chisaka et al. (1992) targeted the Hox-1.6 gene in a different manner and observed some distinct phenotypic effects. Alternate RNA processing allows the Hox-1.6 gene to encode two different proteins, one with the homeodomain and one without it. The experiments... 

It is interesting and important to note that several species, such as Schizosac-charomyces pombe, lack histone HI (Wood et al 2002) (see also section 2.4). The nucleosome-repeat length is slightly shorter in S. pombe than in human (Godde and Widom, 1992). The contribution of histone HI to the mitotic chromosome condensation has been examined with the use of a cell-free system of Xenopus eggs, in which the condensed sperm nuclei can be transformed into metaphase chromosomes. Even when histone HI is removed from the extract, the metaphase chromosomes can still be formed (Ohsumi et al, 1993). In addition, an elimination of all HI genes in Tetrahymena exerts no phenotypic effect (Shen et al, 1995). 

Mutations can also be classified according to their phenotypic effects. Mutations that cause a missing or decreased protein product are termed loss-of-fimction. Those that produce a protein product with a novel or abnormal function are termed gain-of-fimction. 

The phenotypic effects observed under the constitutive expression of GES may also be avoided by the use of inducible promoters. Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing GES controlled by the alcohol-inducible Ale A promoter did not show the lesion phenotype observed under constitutive expression of GES [58]. Recent experiments with wound- and insect-inducible promoters such as that of the potato proteinase inhibitor 11 have been reported [78]. The use of strong inducible promoters that respond to herbivore-feeding may not only minimize toxic effects or costs associated with the constitutive formation of a volatile compound but can also provide the advantage that parasitoids associate volatiles only with the presence of feeding damage by the respective host. 

Since the discovery of trapoxin (TPX), a niunber of related cyclic peptides have been found to also demonstrate HDAC inhibitory activity, explaining in part the phenotypic effects previously described for these compounds. One... 

C. Pleiotropy refers to a condition in which a mutant allele may have different phenotypic effects in various organ systems in an affected person. 

The gene mutation test systems in mice include the specific locus test, in which wild-type treated males are crossed with females carrying recessive mutations for visible phenotypic effects. The F progeny have the same phenotype as the wild-type parent unless a mutation, corresponding to a recessive mutant marker, has occurred. Such tests... 

Transgenic plants were grown, harvested (leaves), and dried at Michigan State University greenhouses. As Fig. 2 shows, the expression of Elcd did not cause any obvious phenotypic effect in plants and did not affect their normal growth. 

For risk estimation, other mouse tests are appropriate. Dominant phenotypes (skeletal effects, possibly supplemented by cataracts) in mice provide the only current basis for assessing the early-generation phenotypic effects in man. These estimates must be regarded as very uncertain until there have been more comparative studies in mice and... 

The need has been recognized for some time to develop steroids with a higher anabolic function, for use in the treatment of muscular dystrophy, weak stature, obesity, certain forms of eczema and psoriasis to cite but a few common problems of health. The phenotypic effects of testosterone can be arbitrarily subdivided into two classes of response anabolic, essentially meaning an increase in the strength and size of skeletal muscle and strictly adrogenic, referring basically to the establishment and maintenance of the male reproductive apparatus and associated sex-... 

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