Synge

Synge E FI 1928 Extending miorosoopio resolution into the ultra-miorosoopio region Phil. Mag. 6 356... 

Synge J L and Griffith B A 1949 Principles of Mechanics (New York McGraw-Hill)... 

In their original theoretical model of chromatography, Martin and Synge treated the chromatographic column as though it consists of discrete sections at which partitioning of the solute between the stationary and mobile phases occurs. They called each section a theoretical plate and defined column efficiency in terms of the number of theoretical plates, N, or the height of a theoretical plate, H where... 

The great leap forward for chromatography was the seminal work of Martin and Synge (7) who in 1941 replaced countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction by partition chromatography for the analysis of amino acids from wool. Martin also realized that the mobile phase could be a gas rather than a liquid, and with James first developed (8) gas chromatography (GC) in 1951, following the gas-phase adsorption-chromatographic separations of Phillips (9). 

A further thirty years were to pass before Kuhn and his co-workers (3) successfully repeated Tswetf s original work and separated lutein and xanthine from a plant extract. Nevertheless, despite the success of Kuhn et al and the validation of Tswett s experiments, the new technique attracted little interest and progress continued to be slow and desultory. In 1941 Martin and Synge (4) introduced liquid-liquid chromatography by supporting the stationary phase, in this case water, on silica in the form of a packed bed and used it to separate some acetyl amino acids. 

The statement made by Martin in 1941 contains all the necessary conditions to realize both the high efficiencies and high resolution achieved by modern LC columns. Despite his recommendations, however, it has taken nearly fifty years to bring his concepts to fruition. In the same paper Martin and Synge suggested that it would be advantageous to replace the liquid mobile phase by a gas to improve the rate of transfer between the phases and thus, enhance the separation. The recommendation was not heeded and it was left to James and Martin (5) to bring the concept to practical reality in the... 

In most cases the analyst must choose a column size that is commercially available and fortunately most manufactures provide an appropriate range of sizes. It is interesting to note that, although the predictions of Martin and Synge were correct and small particles give the smallest HETP and the highest efficiencies, there is a caveat to this argument. 

Synge, RLM, Experiments on Electrical Migration of Peptides and Proteins Inside Porous Membranes Influences of Adsorption, Diffusion, and Pore Dimensions, Biochemical Journal 65, 266,1957. 

Synge, J.L. and Griffith, B.A., 1959. Principles of Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 

Partition chromatography, developed by Martin and Synge (3) for the separation of amino acid derivatives, was employed by Ramsey and Patterson (4) for the separation of isomers of benzene hexachloride (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane) in the technical product. The work of Ramsey and Patterson was extended by Aepli, Munter, and Gall... 

If prebiotic peptides and/or proteins were in fact initially formed in aqueous solution (the hypothesis of biogenesis in the primeval ocean ), the energy problems referred to above would have needed to be solved in order for peptide synthesis to occur. As discussed in Sect. 5.3, there is some initial experimental evidence indicating that the formation of peptide bonds in aqueous media is possible. An important criterion for the evolutionary development of biomolecules is their stability in the aqueous phase. The half-life of a peptide bond in pure water at room temperature is about seven years. The stability of the peptide bond towards cleavage by aggressive compounds was studied by Synge (1945). The following relative hydrolysis rates were determined experimentally, with the relative rate of hydrolysis for the dipeptide Gly-Gly set equal to unity ... 

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