Symmetric liquids

On the assumption of total symmetry of the tensor of third-order nonlinear polarizability c(— co coi, cog, cog), its non-zero and independent elements are the same as those of Table 12. Direct theoretical calculations of c = c(0 0,0,0) have been performed for the atoms of inert gases and some simple molecules. Values of the tensor elements = c(— cu cu, 0,0) have been determined for numerous molecules from static Kerr effect studies and values of c = c(— cd ot>,coi — col) from measurements of optical birefringence induced by laser li t. Measurements of second-harmonic generation by gases in the presence of a static electric field yield the tensor elements c " = c( — 2co co, to, 0), which can also be obtained from second-harmonic scattering in centro-symmetric liquids. The elements of the tensor c = c(— 3co co, co, co)... 

Groen et al [48] measured the local and time-dependent behavior of the two-phase flow in a bubble column. Measurements with Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and with glass fibre probes were performed in two air/water bubble columns of inner diameter 15 and 23 (cm), respectively. These measurements showed that the time averaged axi-symmetric liquid velocity profiles are a result of the passage of coherent structures (bubble swarms). It was concluded that considering the flow in a bubble column as stationary by far oversimplifies the actual phenomena present. 

Laterally Linked Symmetric Liquid Crystal Dimers. 173... 

Intercalated smectic phases have also been observed for symmetric liquid crystal dimers. Watanabe and his co-workers [13, 160-163] have described the properties of the a,m-bis(4,4 -butoxybiphenyl-carbonyloxy) alkanes. 

Table 5.1.2. Values of solubility parameters for crosslinked elastomers from swelling in symmetric liquids. [Adapted, by permission, from V.V. Tereshatov, V.Yu. Senichev, A.I. Gemuev, Vysokomol. soed., B32, 412 (1990).]...

Depending on ratios between solubility parameters of the solvent 1, 5i, of the solvent 2, and polymer, solvents can be distinguished as symmetric liquids and non-sym-metric ones. The non-symmetric liquids are defined as a mixture of two solvents of variable composition, solubility parameters 8, and 8 which are larger or smaller than solubility parameter of polymer ( > 8> > 2, > 8,). The symmetric liquid (SL) with relation to... 

Depending on ratios between solubility parameters of the solvent 1,8i, of the solvent 2, and polymer, solvents can be distinguished as symmetric liquids and non-sym-... 

This section describes the general theory for axis-symmetric liquid menisci to measure interfacial tension under both equilibrium and dynamic gravitational conditions, for drops and bubbles formed at the tip of a capillary or sitting on a solid substrate. Also, it demonstrates how measured data can be compared with theoretical curves. 

Subsequent SFA force measurements were taken between mica surfaces coated in a variety of surfactant monolayers in symmetric and asymmetric organic liquids. These measurements showed oscillatory force profiles between molecularly smooth polar and nonpolar surfaces in symmetric liquids only, indicating that the oscillatory forces in these cases were due to geometric packing of the molecules on the approach of the surfaces a summary of these results is shown in Fig. 1.7. 

So far we have considered the order parameter for a cylindrically symmetric liquid crystal phase formed by cylindrically symmetric molecules. If either the phase or the molecules are not cylindrically symmetric it is necessary to specify the orientational ordering using tensors. A second-rank tensor describes, to lowest order, the orientation of phases with an inversion plane of symmetry (N, SmA,...). Second-rank tensors were defined in Section... 

Marin L, Zabulica A, Sava M (2013) Symmetric liquid crystal dimmers containing a luminescent mesogen synthesis, mesomorphic behavior, and optical properties. Soft Mater 11 32-39 Shukla U, Rao KV, Rakshit AK (2003) Thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymers synthesis, characterization and properties of poly(azomethine esters). J Appl Polym Sci 88 153-160 Shukla SR, Harad AM, Mahato D (2006) Depolymerization of nylon 6 waste fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 100(1) 186-190... 

Leermakers, F.A.M., Bameveld, P.A., Sprakel, J., and Besseling, N.A.M. 2006. Symmetric liquid-hquid interface with a nonzero spontaneous curvature. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 066103. 

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