Switch stability

In order to measure long term switching stability, the polymer films were subjected to repeated switching between the reduced or [Ru Ru ]- and the mixed valence [Ru Ru ]- state at a frequency ranging from 1.2 to 2.4 s. The choice of frequency was made based upon the relative speed at which the redox current minimized. Results for the trials are displayed in Table II, along with... 

Elliott et al. [730] studied a composite of PPy and polystyre-nesulfonate with various spectroelectrochemical techniques. The films were found to be considerably different from pure PPy. The conductivity is only slightly lower as compared to PPy. The CV is very symmetrical. Otero and Bengoechea [731] measured UV-vis spectra of the same composite and of a PPy-carbo methyl cellulose composite with particular regard to the switching stability. Po-laronic as well as bipolaronic transitions were red shifted because of a stronger interaction between the composite constituents attributed to the more flexible backbone of carbot methyl cellulose. Polys ene sulfonate is more rigid and accelerates processes that involve the bipolarons. 

Schomburg, C., Wark, M., Rohlfing, Y., Schulz-Ekloff, G., and Wbhrle, D., Photochromism of spiropyran in molecular sieve voids effects of host-guest interaction on isomer status, switching stability and reversibility, J. Mater. Chem., 11, 2014, 2001. 

We will notice subsequently that series and shunt compensation are complementary. What a shunt capacitor cannot do, a series capacitor does and vice versa. On a secondary transmission system, say up to 66 kV, a shunt compensation may always be necessary to improve the power factor, as the load would mainly be indtictive. A series compensation may become essential, to improve the stability of the system, to cope with load fluctuations, switching of non-linear loads and voltage fluctuations occurring on the other power system or the grid to which this system may be connected. 

A study of various systems has revealed that the load angle for an uncompensated line should be maintained at about 30° only. This means that an uncompensated line may be loaded to just nearly half its steady-state level to retain a high level of stability during load fluctuations, particularly during light loads or load rejections, switching of large inductive loads or any type of minor or major line fault. 

In this case the next switching may almost be instant to retain the stability of the system and save it from an outage. A static switching (Section 24,10) alone may be the correct solution for such applications. 

All the residues involved in important functions in the catalytic mechanism are strictly conserved in all homologous GTPases with one notable exception. Ras does not have the arginine in the switch 1 region that stabilizes the transition state. The assumption that the lack of this catalytically important residue was one reason for the slow rate of GTP hydrolysis by Ras was confirmed when the group of Alfred Wittinghofer, Max-Planck Institute,... 

---