Surfaces and Solubility

Niederberger, M., Garnweitner, G., Krumeich, F., Nesper, R., Colfen, H. andAntonietti, M. (2004) Tailoring the surface and solubility properties of... 

The experimental controversy on surface and solubility characteristics goes on. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to review the various theories. Some of the discrepancies can be accounted for that surface processes attain relatively fast certain degree of metastability while the attainment of an equilibrium even within long-time periods cannot be accomplished. 

TNF-a and IL-1 are current targets of antiinflammatory drug therapy. A homotrimer of 17-kDa protein subunits whose effects include the activation of neutrophils and eosinophils, induction of COX-2, induction of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6), enhancement of endothelial layer permeabihty, induction of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells and leukocytes, stimulation of fibroblast proliferation, degradation of cartilage, and stimulation of bone reabsorption. Two receptors mediate these effects a 55-kDa receptor (p55) and a 75-kDa receptor (p75). Each of these receptors is found in both cell surface and soluble forms. The binding of two or three cell surface receptors to TNF-a initiates an inflammatory response. Soluble p55 also acts as a signaling receptor for inflammatory responses, whereas soluble p75 acts as an antagonist. 

In order to compare the PMMA results with those obtained with the carboxylic acrylic latex, the concentration of surface carboxyls must be determined. Acid location analysis (5 was carried out for this purpose. Briefly, the latexes were titrated conductometrically with 0.1N NaOH followed by a titration of the aqueous phase from which the particles had been removed by centrifugation. The difference in the two titrations provided the distribution between surface and soluble acid. The deficit between the total acid thus determined and the concentration of acrylic acid used in the polymerization was termed "buried". Although some drift occurred in the conductance with time, an equilibration time of approximately 10 minutes per addition of sodium hydroxide was generally sufficient to yield stable readings. 

Because we believe TNF and NO are important in lesion formation in MS, we have become interested in the modulation of surface and soluble TNF-Rs in the CNS. Here, we have chosen to examine the paradigms previously established in immune cells in human glial cell cultures in an effort to relate the interrelationship and regulation of these entities. 

Hydrogen Bonding 1 Hydrogen Bonding 2 Molecular Surfaces and Solubility Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Drug Design Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPR). 

Continuum Solvation Hydrophobic Effect Molecular Surfaces and Solubility Monte Carlo Simulations for Complex Fluids Monte Carlo Simulations for Liquids. 

Continuum Solvation COSMO and COSMO-RS Free Energy Changes in Solution Hydrophobic Effect Molecular Surface and Volume Molecular Surfaces and Solubility Monte Carlo Simulations for Liquids Scaled Particle Theory Self-consistent Reaction Field Methods Solvation Modeling. 

Graph Theory in Chemistry Molecular Surfaces and Solubility Neural Networks in Chemistry Partial Least Squares Projections to Latent Structures (PLS) in Chemistry Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Drug Design Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPR) Shape Analysis Structural Similarity Measures for Database Searching Topological Methods in Chemical Structure and Bonding,... 

T.P. Skelton, C. Zeng, A. Nocks and I. Stamenkovic, Glycosylation provides both stimulatory and inhibitory eflFects on cell surface and soluble CD44 binding to hyaluronan. J. Cell Biol, 140 (1998) 431-446. 

Niederberger, M. Gamweitner, G. Kmmeich, F. Nesper, R. Colfen, H. Antonietti, M. Tailoring the Surface and Solubility Properties of Nanocrystalline Titania by a Nonaqueous In Situ Functionalization Process. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16, 1202. 

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