Surface tension consolidation

Atomization generally refers to a process in which a bulk liquid is disintegrated into small drops or droplets by internal and/or external forces as a result of the interaction between the liquid (dispersed phase) and surrounding medium (continuous phase). The term dispersed phase represents the liquid to be atomized and the atomized drops/droplets, whereas the term continuous phase refers to the medium in which the atomization occurs or by which a liquid is atomized. The disintegration or breakup occurs when the disruptive forces exceed the liquid surface tension force. The consolidating... 

Wet Sintering. If the particles remain in an aqueous environment after coming into contact, the action of the polymer-water surface tension can cause the particles to consolidate. For this to occur, the deformation must be faster than the evaporation rate, and this was first postulated by Vanderhoff. ... 

The consolidation mechanism of SPC compositions containing these additives can be considered as resulting from two processes decompression of silicon acid gel due to a decrease in the surface tension of intermicellar liquid and polymerization under the influence of acid solutions. 

Evaluation. Consolidants should be evaluated for their properties relative to the artifact material profile. In general, the consolidant should have an appropriate degree of surface tension to adequately wet and penetrate the disintegrated fabric. It should also possess suflScient flexibility of polymerization or set time to allow for full penetration of the degraded area. 

Capillary action or absorption depends on the takeup of the consolidant through the gross cell structure and voids as a result of surface-tension forces. Absorption is a factor of time, surface tension, capillary dimension and exposure, and viscosity. 

Consolidation. Once dealkalization was complete, the resulting porous samples were removed from the leach solution, rinsed with warm distilled water, and allowed to air dry at room temperature. Other drying techniques that were used included exchange of methanol for water for the purpose of drying with solutions of lower surface tension. This helped to overcome some cracking problems in the small pore porous bodies by capillary forces. 

The amount of water at temperatures below 0°C in the frozen soil likewise reflects the pore size distribution. The analogy between freezing and drying soils is quantitative as well as qualitative. Similar equations apply (substituting the surface tension ice/water) giving the pressure states of the ice and water. These pressures explain the magnitude of the consolidation of the soil between ice layers. 

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