Plasmon surface polaritons

Depending on the substrate excitations which are coupled with light into the SP mode, one distinguishes surface plasmon polaritons, surface phonon polaritons, surface exciton polaritons, etc. In this section we shall consider surface plasmon polaritons in some detail. This type of electromagnetic wave was first discussed by Sommerfeld in connection with the propagation of radiowaves along the Earth s surface (Sommerfeld 1909). 

The optical response of conduction electrons in metals or n-type semiconductors can be described by Drude s dielectric function, Eq. (2.64). Then from Eq. (3.90) we obtain that SP can exist in the frequency range 

In metals, the plasmon energy, hcop, is of the order of 10 eV and hence surface plasmon polaritons can be excited up to the ultraviolet spectral region. In semiconductors, the plasma frequency is determined by the doping level. 

For a conduction electron density of 10 cm, the corresponding plasmon energies fall in the range 10-30 meV. 

At frequencies well below the plasma frequency, the absolute value of 2 sufficiently exceeds unity. In this case, as follows from Eq. (3.93), the SP field penetrates into metal over much shorter distances than into vacuum. For example, at A = 6000 A for silver, d = 3900 A and 5z = 240 A, and for gold 2800 A and 310 A, respectively. The SP propagation length depends to a great extent on its frequency. In silver, L is equal to 22 at A = 5145 A and is much larger, 0.05 cm, at A = 10600 A (Raether 1988). 

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Kawata, S. (2001) Neur-Fidd Optics and Surface Plasmon Polaritons, Springer, Heidelberg. 

Surface plasmon-polaritons (SPP), also referred as to surface plasma waves, are special modes of electromagnetic field which can exist at the interface between a dielectric and a metal that behaves like a nearly-iree electron plasma. A surface plasmon is a transverse-magnetic mode (magnetic vector is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave and parallel to the plane of interface) and is characterized by its propagation constant and field distribution. The propagation constant, P can be expressed as follows ... 

Figure 3. Optical excitation of surface plasmon-polaritons (surface plasmon) by the attenuated...

TMM handles thin metallic films as well, as they are used in lO-sensors based on surface-plasmon-polaritons (SPP). SPPs appear at the dielectric-metal interface for TM polarization, exclusively. The sensor principle is to have a waveguide mode and the SPP close to resonance, and screen the resonance vs. angle or vs. wavelength to detect refractive index changes of the cladding. Figure 4 shows the resonance of the absorption vs. the... 

Hayazawa, N., Ishitobi, H., Taguchi, A., Ikeda, K., Tarun, A., and Kawata, S. 2007a. Focused excitation of surface plasmon polaritons for efhcient held enhancement based on gapmode in tip-enhanced spectroscopy. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46 7995-99. 

Kawata, S. 2001. Near-field optics and surface plasmon polaritons. New York Springer. 

At the surface of metals, the surface plasmon-polaritons, also called "surface plasmons," are not the same as the "bulk" plasmons these surface plasmons are affected (i.e., shifted slightly in energy) by monolayer adsorbates thus Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectroscopy yields information about the nature of the binding of the adsorbates onto a metal surface. The surface plasmons are excited by a p-polarized electromagnetic wave (polarized in the plane of the film) that crosses a glass medium (1), such as a prism, and is partially reflected by a metallic film (2) and back into the glass medium the dispersion relation is... 

Surface plasmons, or surface plasmon polaritons, are surface electromagnetic waves that propagate inside a metal along a metal/dielectric (or metal/ vacuum) interface their excitation by light is surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for planar surfaces or localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) for nanometer-sized metal particles. 

Surface plasmons polaritons (SPPs) are classically described as electromagnetic waves formed by charge oscillations at the surface of a metal. Eigure la shows... 

Pang L, Hwang GM, Slutsky B, Eainman Y (2007) Spectral sensitivity of two-dimensional nanohole array surface plasmon polariton resonance sensor. Appl Phys Lett 91 123112... 

Januts NA, Baghdasaryan KS, Nerkarayan KV et al (2005) Excitation and superfocusing of surface plasmon polaritons on silver coated optical fiber tip. Opt Commun 259 118-124... 

Nemova G, Kashyap R (2006) Fiber Bragg grating assisted surface plasmon-polariton sensor. Opt Lett 31 2118-2120... 

Osawa, M., in Near-Field Optics and Surface Plasmon Polaritons. (S. Kawata, S. Ohtsu and M. Irie, Eds.), Vol. 81, p. 163. Springer, Berlin, 2001. 

Andrew, P., and Barnes, W. L. (2004). Energy transfer across a metal film mediated by surface plasmon polaritons. Science 396. 

Weeber, J.-C., Krenn, J. R., Dereux, A., Lamprecht, B., Lacroute, Y., and Goudonnet, J. P. (2001) Near-field observation of surface plasmon polariton propagation on thin metal stripes. Physical Review B 64 045411. 

SURFACE PLASMON POLARITON MEDIATED EMISSION FROM ZnO... 

Barnes W.L. (1999) Electromagnetic crystals for surface plasmon polaritons and the extraction of light from emissive devices, J. Light. Tech. 17 2170-2182. 

Chen J., Shen N.H., Cheng C., Fan X.Y., Ding J.J. and Wang H.T., (2006) Tunable resonance in surface-plasmon-polariton enhanced spontaneous emission using a denser dielectric cladding, Appi. Phys. Lett. 89 051916 Paiella R., (2005) Tunable surface plasmons in coupied metaiio-dieiectric muitiple layers for light-emission efficiency enhancement, Appi. Phys. Lett. 87 111104(2005). 

Kalkman, J., Strohhofer, C., Gralak, B., and Polman, A. (2003). Surface plasmon polariton modified emission of erbium in a metallodielectric grating. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 30-32. 

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