Surface denatu ration

As to the nano-dimension of the material, the enzyme adapts its 3D configuration to the morphology of the underlying nanostructure without inducing protein denatu-ration, resulting in intimate contact between the nano-objects fixed to the electrode surface and the redox active sites of the enzyme, which are often located deep inside... 

Frequently a simple contact between an electrode surface and a solution is sufficient to generate reasonable adsorptive layers without adding further reagents. This is valid in particular for carbon-containing surfaces. In some cases, however, an adsorptive bond with a carbon surface may affect the enzyme function to such a degree that it is deactivated. Sometimes even denatu-ration occurs. The majority of molecules is bound only weakly, and a part of them is later lost by progressive desorption. Electrodes with adsorptive layers preferably are used for tentative experiments. They are useful mainly for fast tests. 

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