SURFACE CURVE

Fig. 53 Adsorption of pentane vap>our at 273 K on a sample of nonporous rutile before and after modification of the surface by pre-adsorption of ethanol. Curve (A), unmodified surface curve (B), surface containing 52 pmol of ethanol. (After Parfitt.)...

FIG. 12-88 CimeA shows surface variations with stone size, 100 percent active surfaces. Curv es in group B show the effect of irregular stone size. 

Fig. 20.24 Potential energy-distance from metal surface curves, illustrating (a) an M /M system in which, owing to the relative position of the energy wells, the initial ionisation reaction occurs more rapidly than the discharge reaction, resulting in an excess negative charge on the surface of the metal, (b) equilibrium at which the energy wells are approximately the same and...

Fig. 73. IR emission spectra of KNO3 melt at 450X7. Curve l - Layer thickness - 0.05 mm, reflective surface Curve 2 - Layer thickness - -0.1 mm, absorptive surface Curve 3 - Layer thickness - 0.2 mm, absorptive surface (after Agulyartsky and Sakharov [342]).

Figure 6.1 Schematic potential energy diagram for atomic and molecular nitrogen adsorption on a clean and K-covered Fe(100) surface. Curve (a) is for N2 + Fe(100) curve (b) is for N2 + Fe(100)-K. Note the lowering of the activation energy for dissociation from 3 kcalmol-1 to zero. (Reproduced from Ref. 3).

Effect of pressure Figure 2.40 shows the heat transfer coefficients for film boiling of potassium on a horizontal type 316 stainless steel surface (Padilla, 1966). Curve A shows the experimental results curve B is curve A minus the radiant heat contribution (approximate because of appreciable uncertainties in the emissivities of the stainless steel and potassium surfaces). Curve C represents Eq. (2-150) with the proportionality constant arbitrarily increased to 0.68 and the use of the equilibrium value of kG as given by Lee et al. (1969). 

Figure 8.6. Fluorescence spectra of ficus elastica measured in backward direction (Fb, left) and forward direction (Ff, right). Excitation at 2a = 520 nm. Curve I from top surface, curve 2 from undersurface.

Fig. 6.4 Plot of reaction probability vs. initial translational energy for the H + HH = HH + H reaction for a certain empirical potential energy surface (the Porter-Karplus surface). Curves (reading down) are shown for the path shown as PP in Fig. 6.3a. (marked Marcus-Coltrin), the exact quantum mechanical result for the Porter-Karplus surface (marked Exact QM), the usual TST result calculated for the MEP, QQ (Fig. 6.3a) (The data are from Marcus, R. A. and Coltrin, M. E., J. Chem. Phys. 67, 2609 (1977))...

Fig. 16.18 Relationship between dissolved frac- tribution of the metal in the Fe oxide curve I lotion of various metals and dissolved fraction of cation of the metal at the Fe oxide surface curve...

Fig. 22. Holographic photoanodic etching of CdS the diffraction reflex intensity Jiln, (curve 1), the ratio of the coefficients of mirror reflection from the etched (R) and original, nonetched (R0) surface (curve 2), and the depth of the sinusoidal relief 2h (curve 3) versus the ratio of the passed amount of electricity Q to an optimal amount (0 , ). [From Tyagai et at. (1978).]...

This result shows that the vertical displacements (at fixed potential) of the electrocapillary curve with changes in electrolyte concentration measure the sum of the surface excesses at the solution surface. Curves such as those in Figure 7.23b may be interpreted by this result. We have already seen that T+ = T at the electrocapillary maximum (where E = Emax) therefore... 

Figure 2.36. Evolution of the temperature (curves 1 and 2) and the degree of transformation (curves 3 and 4) at the surface (curves 1 and 3) and at the center (curves 2 and 4) of a cylinder of radius 34 mm. The dashed line shows changes in temperature of the surroundings. Solid lines are calculated. Points are from measurements.

Fig. 1.10. Velocity of deposition of attached (left-hand scale) and unattached (right-hand scale) decay products to smooth surfaces. Curves A, B, C, D, E corresponding dp (am), 0.17,0.12, 0.08, molecular, molecular D (m2 s 1), 3 x 10 10, 5 x 10 10,1 x 10 9,0.05, 0.07.

When water from a reservoir enters a canal in which the depth is greater than critical, there will be a drop in the surface owing to the velocity head and also to any friction loss at entrance. Water flowing over a dam in a channel is such a case. But if the uniform depth is less than the critical value, the water level at entrance will drop to the critical depth and no farther, no matter how low the water level may be in the stream below. The maximum flow in the canal is then limited by this factor. When the channel dam immediately slopes downstream, the surface curve will have a point of inflection at about the entrance section and although a steep slope curve downstream may be changed with different channel conditions, the portion of this curve upstream from this point of inflection remains unaltered. 

The so-called trade-off surface (curve) represents the non-inferior solution obtained in the preceding section, and the trade-off ratio between the i-th and j-th objectives is defined as... 

Fig. 61. Combustion front quenching in a wedge-shaped cut of a copper block for Ti-C system (a) velocity as a function of distance from ignition surface (b) temperature profiles at different locations relative to ignition surface curve 1, 3 mm curve 2, 26 ram curve 3, 36 mm (Adapted from Rogachev et al, 1987).

Figure 21.8 XPS spectra of the surface of composition graded transitional buffering film layered by double-graded process curve a, surface curve b, 1 min sputter curve c, 5 min sputter curve d, oxidized copper surface.

It s possible to create an array with three dimensions by entering an array formula in each cell of a rectangular range of cells. The following example illustrates the use of a three-dimensional array to calculate an "error surface" curve such as the one shown in Figure 5-16. The error-square sum, i.e., the sum of the squares of the residuals, S(i/obsd J/calc) for a one-dimensional array of data points, was calculated for each cell of a two-dimensional array of trial values. The "best" values of the independent variables are those which produce the minimum error-square sum. 

Surface curving may cause problems with proper contact of vacuum head and limit effective treatment. 

Figure 3.15 Experimentally determined reflectivity curves (points with associated error bars) for E = 50 mV in 50mM NaF in D2O curve 1, the film-free electrode surface curve 2, the electrode covered by a bilayer of a 7 3 mixture of h-DMPC and cholesterol. The...

Gerischer et al. predicted that the reduction of the =Ge-OH surface occurs by a transfer of an electron via the conduction band and by a simultaneous injection of a hole into the valence band. Details concerning charge transfer processes are given in Chapter 7. A further proof of Eq. (5.44) is given below (see Eqs. 5.46 to 5.48). A pH-dependence was also found in the case of a hydride surface (curve b in Fig. 5.11), which was explained by a dissociation of the double layer as given by [20]... 

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