Surface-active ionic liquids

GalganoP.D.,ElSeoudO.A.Surface-Active Ionic liquids Syntheses, Solution Properties, and Applications. In Mun J., Sim H., editors. Handbook of Ionic Liquids Properties, Applications and Hazards, 2012, Nova Publisher, Hauppauge, pp. 521-548. 

Self-Assembly of Surface-Active Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Medium... 

SELF-ASSEMBLY OF SURFACE-ACTIVE IONIC LIQUIDS IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM... 

Cationic Surface-Active Ionic Liquid (CSAIL) [C mimlBF [9] 800 63... 

Designing a New Strategy for the Formation of IL-ln-Oil Microemulsions Containing Double Chain Surface-Active Ionic Liquid... 

Du Z, Li E, Cao Y, Li X, Wang G (2014) Synthesis of trisUoxane-taUed surface active ionic liquids and their aggregation behavior in aqueous solution. CoUoids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 441 744-751. doi 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.10.004... 

Dong, B. Li, N. Zheng, L. Q. Yu, L. Inoue, T. (2007). Surface adsorption and micelle formation of surface active ionic liquids in aqueous solution. Langmuir, 23, 4178-4182. 

Dong, B. Zhang, J. Zheng, L. Q. Wang, S. Q. Li, X. W. Inoue, T. R. (2008a). Salt-induced viscoelastic wormlike micelles formed in surface active ionic liquid aqueous solution.. Colloid Interface Sci, 319,338-343. 

El Seoud, O. A Pires, P. A R. Abdel-Moghny, T. Bastos, E. L. (2007). Synthesis and micellar prop>erties of surface-active ionic liquids l-All l-3-methylimidazolium chlorides.. Colloid Inter free Sci., 313,296-304. 

A second and somewhat simpler approach that can be applied to obtain supported ionic liquid catalyst systems involves the treatment of a solid, porous carrier material by a substantial amount of a catalytically active ionic liquid, allowing the reaction to take place in the dispersed phase. In these systems the ionic liquid phase can itself act as the catalytically active component or it may contain other dissolved compounds or reagents, for example, transition metal complexes, which function as the catalytically active species (i.e. generating SILP catalysts). Importantly, the ionic liquid catalyst phase in these SILP catalyst systems are confined to the carrier surface only by weak van der Waals interactions and capillary forces interacting in the pores of the support. In special cases electrostatic attachment of the ionic liquid phase may also be applied. Usually, the catalysts are prepared by traditional impregnation techniques, where a volatile solvent is used initially to reduce viscosity for the impregnation process and is finally removed by evaporation leaving the ionic catalyst solution dispersed on the support. 

Some other studies showed that the combination of the three polymorphs with reduced crystallite size and high surface area can lead to the best photocatalysts for 4-chlorophenol degradation [37], or that particles in the dimension range 25-40 nm give the best performances [38]. Therefore, many elements contribute to the final photocatalytic activity and sometimes the increased contribution of one parameter can compensate for the decrease of another one. For example, better photocatalytic activity can be obtained even if the surface area decreases, with a concomitant increase in the crystallinity of the sample, which finally results in a higher number of electron-hole pairs formed on the surface by UV illumination and in their increased lifetime (slower recombination) [39]. Better crystallinity can be obtained with the use of ionic liquids during the synthesis [39], with a consequent increase of activity. 

High-performance liquid chromatography has, to date, only found limited applications in the analysis of sludges (aliphatic hydrocarbons, cationic and non-ionic surface active agents, carboxylic acids and cobalamin). 

Performance of surfactants is closely related to surface activity and to micelle formation. Both these are due to amphiphilic nature of the surfactant molecule. The molecule contains a nonpolar hydrophobic part, usually, a hydrocarbon chain, and a polar hydrophilic group, which may be nonionic, zwitterionic, or ionic. When the hydrophobic group is a long straight chain of hydrocarbon, the micelle has a small liquid like hydrocarbon core (1,2). The primary driving... 

Anodic limit, potential referred to Li+/Li, cutoff current density in parentheses. Scan rate 5 mV s. Activated carbon as working surface. Scan rate 10 mV s. Supporting electrolyte 0.1 M BU4NBF4. Scan rate 100 mV s . The solvent-free condition was realized by using an ionic liquid based on Imldazolium cation, at 80 °C. Scan rate 20 mV s . ... 

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