Superparamagnetic particles of iron-oxide

Ittrich, H., Lange, C., Dahnke, H., Zander, A.R., Adam, G. and Nolte-Ernsting, C. (2005) Labeling of mesenchymal stem cells with different superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide and detectability with MRI at 3T. Rofo 177, 1151-63. 

Trivedi RA, King-Im JM, Graves MJ et al. (2004). In vivo detection of macrophages in human carotid atheroma temporal dependence of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide-enhanced MRI. Stroke 35 1631-1635... 

K. B., Kessels, A.G., Kitslaar, P.J., Borgers, M., Frederik, P.M., Daemen, M.J., and van Engelshoven, J.M. (2003) Accumulation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in human atherosclerotic plaques can be detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 107, 2453—2458. 

Paramagnetic fractions produce quadrupole doublets (QS) in the spectrum. Their parameters are close to those of hydroxides (e.g., lepidocrocite, y-FeOOH) or to small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxides or hydroxides with a mean diameter of about 10 nm. It should be noted that it is not difficult to distinguish among different magnetically ordered phases when they are present in a well-ordered crys-... 

Ruehm, S.G., Corot, C., Vogt, P., Kolb, S. and Debatin, J.F. (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging of atherosderotic plaque with ulttasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Circulation,... 

The vast majority of research in this area involves iron-oxide particles, as they are highly biocompatible, cheap, can be made in a variety of ways and sizes, and can be made as superparamagnets or ferrimagnets. Iron oxides are metabolized into elemental iron and oxygen by hydrolytic enzymes in the body. The iron joins the normal body stores and the body compensates by taking up less iron from the stomach. Intravenous injections of up to 250 mg iron/kg body weight does not produce chronic or acute hepatotoxicity in rats [14], while 1-3 mg/kg has been used clinically in humans [15]. 

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