Superfluid water

As we go to press, reports are coming in that superfluid water might exist in other words, water may also have two liquid phases. 

Like supercritical carbon dioxide, supercritical water is a very interesting substance that has strikingly different properties from those of liquid water. For example, recent experiments have shown that supercritical (superfluid) water can behave simultaneously as both a polar and a nonpolar solvent. While the reasons for this unusual behavior remain unclear, the practical value of this behavior is very clear It makes superfluid water a very useful reaction medium for a wide variety of substances. One extremely important application of this idea involves the environmentally sound destruction of industrial wastes. Most hazardous organic (nonpolar) substances can be dissolved in supercritical water and oxidized by dissolved 02 in a matter of minutes. The products of these reactions are water, carbon dioxide, and possibly simple acids (which result when halogen-containing compounds are reacted). Therefore, the aqueous mixture that results from the reaction often can be disposed of with little further treatment. In contrast to the incinerators used to destroy organic waste products, a supercritical water reactor is a closed system (has no emissions). 

In acoustic microscopy, viscous attenuation is most significant in the coupling fluid. In water (and all the other fluids in Table 3.1 except CS2 and superfluid 4He) at the frequencies used in acoustic microscopy, the relaxation time is much less than the period of the wave. Thus cot [Pg.77]

High performance hquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has been apphed to the determination of down to lmg L 1 of azo dyes in waste waters [37], Games et al. [38] used high performance hquid chromatography for solute focusing prior to superfluid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the analysis of waste streams. 

Note Liquid helium has unique thermodynamic properties too complex to be adequately described here. Liquid He I has refr index 1.026,dO.l 25, and is called a quantum fluid because it exhibits atomic properties on a macroscopic scale. Its bp is near absolute zero and viscosity is 25 micropoises (water = 10,000). He II, formed on cooling He I below its transition point, has the unusual property of superfluidity, extremely high thermal conductivity, and viscosity approaching zero. 

Formetal Superfluid. [Guardian Labs] Synthetic, water-soluble metal cutting fluids. 

Such particularly simple spectra are a result of the effective 0.37 K temperature maintained by the superfluid droplets. A particularly notable aspect of this work is the ability to synthesize species that are not in their most energetically stable form. Indeed, this approach has proven to be useful in generating the cyclic form of water hexamer as well. ... 

Fig. 20.8 a Superfluidity of water droplet in CNTs of different diameters [68] and b ultralow-friction nanoscale linear bearing made of multi-walled CNT [69]... 

Water has been first detected with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) in the atmosphere of Titan. The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) was launched by the ESA Ariane in November 1995 and was the first true orbiting infrared observatory for a detailed investigation of the universe in the infrared. It was equipped with a 60 cm diameter telescope which was cooled by superfluid liquid helium to temperatures of 2-A K. Observations were made from 2.5 microns to 240 microns with a spatial resolution ranging from 1.5 arcseconds to 90 arcsec (at the longer wavelengths). 

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