Supercritical fluid extraction method

Supercritical fluid extraction is a method which uses a solvent in supercritical conditions as an extracting agent. 

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Djordjevic MV, Hofmann D, Fan J. 1994. Assessment of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in adipose breast tissue using a supercritical fluid extraction method. Carcinogenesis 15(11) 2581-2585. 

The infrared method that has been used most frequently (EPA 418.1) is appropriate only for water samples. A separatory funnel liquid-liquid extraction technique is used to extiact hydrocarbons from the water. A method (EPA 5520D) using a Soxhlet extraction technique is suitable for sludge. This extiaction is frequently used to adapt the method (EPA 418.1) to soil samples. An infrared-based supercritical fluid extraction method for diesel range contamination (EPA 3560) is available. 

KJ Maxwell, AR Lightfield. Multiresidue supercritical fluid extraction method for the recovery at low ppb levels of three sulphonamides from fortified chicken liver. J Chromatogr B 715 431-435, 1998. 

Soils, sediments, fly ash (TRPH) Supercritical fluid extraction Method 8015B... 

Dankers J, Groenenboom M, Scholtis LHA, et al. 1993. High-speed supercritical fluid extraction method for routine measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental soils with dichloromethane as a static modifier. J Chromatogr 641 357-362. 

Ray KS, Chheda M, Mukhopadhyay M. Performance of conventional and supercritical fluid extraction methods for carotene recovery from non-edible leaves. J Food Sci Technol 2000 37 514-516. 

Roston DA, Sun JJ. Supercritical fluid extraction method development for extraction of an experimental HIV protease inhibitor drug from animal feed. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997 15 461-468. 

Scott KS, Oliver JS. Development of a supercritical fluid extraction method for the determination of temazapam in whole blood. J Anal Toxicol 1997 21 297-300. 

Castells, P., Santos, F. J., and Galceran, M. T., Development of a sequential supercritical fluid extraction method for the analysis of nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarhons in urhan aerosols, J. Chromatogr. A, 1010, 141-151, 2003. 

Off-line supercritical fluid extraction, simultaneous ultrasonic supercritical fluid extraction, and on-line supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography have been described. These analytical supercritical fluid extraction methods provide the potential for very rapid extraction rates and compatibility with on-line analytical methods. Extraction rate increases of over an order of magnitude compared to Soxhlet methods have been demonstrated and even greater increases seem feasible. Optimization of fluid solvating conditions also provides the potential for selective fractionation of specific analytes. The application of ultrasound during supercritical fluid extraction provides an efficient... 

Snyder, J. M. (1995) Volatile analysis of oxidized oils by a direct supercritical fluid extraction method. J. Food Lipids, 2, 25-33. 

Lopez-Avila et al. [86] have considered validation of analytical supercritical fluid extraction methods. When developing an SEE method, various critical factors need to be considered (i) solubility of the analyte in the supercritical fluid (SF) (ii) diffusion of the analyte from the solid matrix into the bulk fluid or displacement of the analyte by the SF that diffused into the matrix and (Hi) the matrix itself, which can be very adsorptive. Poor SEE recoveries may be attributed to matrix effects (e.g., not all of the analyte may be extractable), to inefficient retention of the analyte in the collection solvent or on the sorbent trap, or to inefficient desorption from the sorbent trap. Once an SEE procedure has been developed and tested with real matrices, the next step... 

Palenzuela, B. et al.. Bioguided extraction of polyphenols from grape marc by using an alternative supercritical-fluid extraction method based on a liquid solvent trap. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 378, 2021, 2004. 

AOCS Official Method AM 3-96. 1997. Oil in oilseeds Supercritical fluid extraction method. Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists Society, 5th ed. (1996). AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 1996. 

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