Supercritical Fluid Extraction Gas Chromatography

Handbook of Essential Oils Science, Technology, and Applications 

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Pressurized Fluid Extraction followed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (PFE-GC/MS) On-line Supercritical Fluid Extraction - Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SFE-GC/MS)... 

Hawthorne, S. B. Coupled (on-line) supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography. In Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Its Use in Chromatographic Sample Preparation, Westwood, S. A. Ed., Blackie Academic and Professional, Chapman and Hall UK, 1993 p. 65. 

E. S. Francis, M. Wu, P. B. Farnsworth and M. L. Lee, Supercritical fluid extraction/gas chromatography with thermal desorption modulator interface and nitro-specific detection for the analysis of explosives , J. Microcolumn Sep. 7 23 -28 (1995). 

Tuomala, T., Kallio, H. 1996. Identification of free fatty acids and some other volatile flavour compounds from Swiss cheese using online supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 203, 236-240. 

M. Lohleit, K. Bachmann, Integrated analysis of solid samples by on-line supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 505 (1990), p. 227. 

Blanch, P., Reglero, G. and Herraiz, M. (1995) Analysis of wine aroma by off-line and online supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography,/. Agric. Food Chem., 43(5), 1251-1258. 

Off-line supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic supercritical fluid extraction, and on-line supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography methodologies that have been developed specifically for analytical sample preparation and analysis are described. These methods offer the potential for extraction rate increases of over an order of magnitude, and are compatible with online analysis which provides the basis for automated sample preparation and analysis. These methods are particularly useful for small sample sizes or trace levels of analytes, and have been demonstrated to operate quantitatively. Combined ultrasonic supercritical fluid extraction can further enhance extraction rates from macro-porous materials by inducing convection through internal pores. The apparatus and instrumentation are described in detail and several examples are presented illustrating the applicability of these methodologies. 

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the on-line supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography instrumentation. (Reproduced from Ref. 13. Copyright 1987 American Chemical Society.)...

Off-line supercritical fluid extraction, simultaneous ultrasonic supercritical fluid extraction, and on-line supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography have been described. These analytical supercritical fluid extraction methods provide the potential for very rapid extraction rates and compatibility with on-line analytical methods. Extraction rate increases of over an order of magnitude compared to Soxhlet methods have been demonstrated and even greater increases seem feasible. Optimization of fluid solvating conditions also provides the potential for selective fractionation of specific analytes. The application of ultrasound during supercritical fluid extraction provides an efficient... 

See also Air Analysis Sampling. Extraction Solvent Extraction Multistage Countercurrent Distribution Supercritical Fluid Extraction. Gas Chromatography Multidimensional Techniques. Mass Spectrometry Time-of-Flight. Quality Assurance Quality Control Reference Materials. Water Analysis Overview. 

Brinen, J., Depth Distribution of Light Stabilizers in Coatings Analyzed by Supercritical Fluid Extraction-Gas Chromatography and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 1998 70(18) 3762-3765. Baltussen, E., H.-G. Janssen, P. Sandra, and C.A. Cramers, A New Method for Sorptive Enrichment of Gaseous Samples Application in Air Analysis and Natural Gas Characterisation, HRC 1994 17(5) 312-321. 

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