Sulfur mustard subcutaneous

Heston, W.E. Occurrence of tumors in mice injected subcutaneously with sulfur mustard and nitrogen mustard. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 14 131-140, 1953. 

Elsayed, N., Omaye, S., Klain, G., Inase, J., Dahlberg, E., Wheeler, C., Korte, D., Jr. (1989). Response of mouse brain to a single subcutaneous injection of the monofimctional sulfur mustard, butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS). Toxicology 58 11-20. 

Vijayaraghavan, R., Kulkami, A., Pant, S.C., Kumar, P., Rao, P.V., Gupta, N., Gautam, A., Ganesan, K. (2005). Differential toxicity of sulfur mustard administered through percutaneous, subcutaneous, and oral routes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 202 180-8. 

Elsayed, N.M., Omaye, S.T., Klain, G.J., and Korte, D.W., Jr. (1992). Free radical-mediated lung response to the monofunctional sulfur mustards butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide after subcutaneous injection. Toxicology 72, 153-65. 

As previously mentioned, studies51 have shown changes in membrane fluidity following sulfur mustard exposure. In addition, in 1989, Elsayed and colleagues54 demonstrated the presence of lipid peroxidation indicators in the tissue of mice exposed to subcutaneous butyl mustard. However, as with the thiol-calcium hypothesis, no studies have directly linked lipid peroxidation with the mustard-induced injury. 

While the previously discussed findings demonstrate the stability of sulfur mustard in lipophilic tissues, the agent is rapidly hydrolyzed whenever situated in an aqueous compartment (X cudilik, 1987). Thiodiglycol (TDG) is the primary hydrolysis product, in which the chlorine atoms have been replaced by hydroxyl groups. Karvaly et al. (2008) used subcutaneous microdialysis to monitor TDG in rats exposed to sulfur mustard. Peak concentrations of 7.2-21.7nmol/L TDG were found, following percutaneous exposure to 2pM sulfur mustard. 

Zhang and Wu (1987) chose the small pig (male and female, black, 4.2-13.0 kg) because of the aforementioned resemblance of its skin to that of humans. They chose this model to study the percutaneous toxicokinetics of occluded liquid sulfur mustard, and studied the iv route in this species as the reference route, as well as the toxicokinetics after subcutaneous (sc) exposure. 

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