Doping sulfur

The red tetrasulfide radical anion 84 has been proposed as a constituent of sulfur-doped alkali hahdes, of alkah polysulfide solutions in DMF [84, 86], HMPA [89] and acetone [136] and as a product of the electrochemical reduction of 8s in DM80 or DMF [12]. However, in all these cases no convincing proof for the molecular composition of the species observed by either E8R, Raman, infrared or UV-Vis spectroscopy has been provided. The problem is that the red species is formed only in sulfur-rich solutions where long-chain polysulfide dianions are present also and these are of orange to red color, too (for a description of this dilemma, see [89]). Furthermore, the presence of the orange radical anion 8e (see below) cannot be excluded in such systems. 

Umebayashi, T., Yamaki, T., Itoh, H., and Asai, K., Band gap narrowing of titanium dioxide by sulfur doping, Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 454,2002. 

Sulfur-doped highly ordered Ti02 nanotube arrays, produced by annealing in a flow of H2S at 380 °C, were also reported to show higher photobehavior (photocurrent) under visible light irradiation up to 650 nm. ... 

L. A. O Dell, K. Klimm, J. C. C. Freitas, S. C. Kohn and M. E. Smith, S MAS NMR of a disordered sulfur-doped silicate signal enhancement via RAPT, QCPMG and adiabatic pulses. Appl. Magn. Reson., 2008, 35, 247-259. 

Takeshita, K., A. Yamashita, T. Ishibashi, H. Onishi, K. Nishijima and T. Ohno (2006). Transient IR absorption study of charge carriers photogenerated in sulfur-doped TiOj. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry, 177(2-3), 269-275. 

Yamamoto, T., F. Yamashita, I. Tanaka, E. Matsubara and A. Muramatsu (2004). Electronic states of sulfur doped Ti02 by first principles calculations. Materials Transactions, 45,1987-1990. 

Yu, J.C., W.K. Ho, J.G. Yu, H. Yip, P.K. Wong and J.C. Zhao (2005a). Efficient visible-light-induced photocatalytic disinfection on sulfur-doped nanocrystalline titania. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(4), 1175-1179. 

Fig. 10. Diffuse reflectance (photoabsorption) and action spectra for acetic acid, having no absorption in the visible-light wavelength range, decomposition in aerated aqueous solutions of sulfur-doped titania (S-TiOz) and Degussa (Evonic) P25.

Cruz-Vazquez, C. Rocha-Alonzo, F. Burruel-Ibarra, S.E. Inoue, M. Bernal, R. Fabrication and characterization of sulfur doped zinc oxide thin films. Superficies y Vacio 13, Dec 2001 Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencia de Superficies y de Vacio, 2001 88-91. 

D.B. Hamal, K.J. Klabunde, Synthesis, characterization and visible light activity of new nanoparticle photocatalysts based on silver, carbon and sulfur-doped Ti02 , Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 311, 514-522, (2007). 

T. Umebayashi, T. Yamaki, S. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, K. Asai, Sulfur-doping of rutile-titanium dioxide by ion implantation Photocurrent spectroscopy and first-principles band calculation studies . Journal of Applied Physics, 93, 5156-5160, (2003). 

The nanoparticles of sulfur-doped Ti02 (anatase) were synthesized by solid state method. In this case the initial metha-titanic acid H2Ti03 was dehydrated in the presence of sulfur (-1.5 mass percent) during its heating in the muffle furnace underthe 500°C overthe time of 2 h. The synthesized... 

Han, C., Pdaez, M., Likodimos, V., Kontos, A.G., Falaras, P., O Sheac, K., and Dionysiou, D.D. (2011) Innovative visible light-activated sulfur doped TiOj films for water treatment. Appl. Catal B Environ., 107, 77-87. 

Singh, K., M. Seredych, E. R. CasteUon, and T. J. Bandosz. 2014. Effect of visible-light exposure and electrolyte oxygen content on the capacitance of sulfur-doped carbon. ChemElectroChem 1 565-572. 

Xia Y, Zhu Y, Tang Y (2012) Preparation of sulfur-doped microporous carbons for the storage of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Carbon 50 5543-5553... 

CVD graphene, which served as a counterelectrode in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), and, despite limited experimental details, showed good performance for triiodide to iodide reduction. Graphene decorated with NPs was also used in the development of bio-relevant sensors (Pd NP on rGO for detection of dopamine and diclofenac) [135] and as effective catalyst for ORR (Pt NP on sulfur-doped rGO) [136]. Iron NPs incorporated in a nitrogen-doped rGO were also studied and showed promise for ORR electrocatalysis [137]. 

Higgins, D., Hoque, M.A., Seo, M.H., Wang, R., Hassan, F., Choi, J.-Y, Pritzker, M., Yu, A., Zhang, J., and Chen, Z. (2014) Development and simulation of sulfur-doped graphene supported platinum with exemplary stability and activity towards oxygen reduction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 

Yang Z, Yao Z, Li G, Fang G, Nie H, Liu Z, Zhou X, Choi X, Huang S (2012) Sulfur-doped graphene as an efficient metal-free cathode catalyst for oxygen reduction. ACS Nano 6 (1) 205-211... 

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