Sulfur cycle, biological

R. W. FairbriiXjE, Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Van Nostrand, New York, 1972.. See sections on Geochemical Classification of the Elements Sulfates Sulfate Reduction-Microbial Sulfides Sulfosalts Sulfur Sulfur Cycle Sulfur Isotope Fractionation in Biological Processes, etc., pp. 1123 - 58. 

Therefore, polysulfide ions play a major role in the global geological and biological sulfur cycles [1, 2]. In addition, they are reagents in important industrial processes, e.g., in desulfurization and paper production plants. It should be pointed out however that only sulfide, elemental sulfur and sulfate are thermodynamically stable under ambient conditions in the presence of water, their particular stabihty region depending on the redox potential and the pH value [3] ... 

Details of the flow shown in Figure 4.4 are depicted in Figure 6.1 that shows the biological transformations related to the sulfur cycle. 

FIGURE 6.1. The biological sulfur cycle related to aerobic and anaerobic processes in a sewer. 

Malin G (1996) The role of DMSP and DMS in the global sulfur cycle and climate regulation. In Kiene RP, Visscher P, Keller M, Kirst GO (eds) Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium compounds. Plenum, New York, pp 177-189 Malin G (1997) Sulphur, climate and the microbial maze. Nature 387 857-859 Malin G, Kirst GO (1997) Algal production of dimethyl sulfide and its atmospheric role. J Phycol 33 889-896... 

Jorgensen, B. B. Fencher, T. (1974). The sulfur cycle of a marine sediment model system. Marine Biology, 24, 189-201. 

DMSO reductase reduces dimethylsulfoxide to dimethylsulfide (Eq. 16-62) as part of the biological sulfur cycle.647 648d... 

Sulfide. Sulfide appears in the water column of Lake Greifen only at the end of stagnation time and in the deepest water layers. This distribution indicated the biological reduction of sulfate in sediments. The reactions involved in the sulfur cycle are described in ref. 65. The occurrence of sulfide indicates a very low pe (p < 0) sulfide is an efficient reductant for many elements, including Fe(III), Mn(IV), As(V), and Cr(VI). The occurrence of sulfide also implies the possible precipitation of solid sulfide phases of various elements and the formation of dissolved complexes (21-23). 

Models of the global sulfur cycle include biological sources of volatile sulfur... 

The Atmosphere. - The Hydrosphere. - Chemical Oceanography. - Chemical Aspects of Soil. - The Oxygen Cycle. - The Sulfur Cycle. - The Phosphorus Cycle. - Metal Cycles and Biological Methyla-tion. - Natural Organohalogen Compounds. -Subject Index. 

Figure 52 (a) Formation of sulfur in the cap rocks of lime, (b) The biological sulfur cycle... 

Lens P. N. L. and Kuenen J. G. (2001) The biological sulfur cycle novel opportunities for environmental biotechnology. Water Sci. Technol. 44, 57-66. 

The reduction is typically limited by the availability of organic carbon and often occurs in shallow waters at continental margins. Thus, global sulfide production would be dependent on the availability of biological productive areas over geological time. Sulfur-isotope data can be used to constrain simple models of the sulfur cycle over geological time and establish the size of the reservoirs as shown in Figure 5(b). 

The Earth s sulfur cycle (Figure 22) transfers enormous amounts of this biologically important element through various reservoirs each year. Sulfur has a wide range of oxidation states and shows the ability to form a large number of oxides and oxyanions, many of which are found in the environment. It also has the potential to form polymeric species with a significant number of... 

Jannasch, H.W., Triiper, H,G, and Tuttle, J.H., 1974. Tlie microbial sulfur cycle of the Black Sea. In E.T. Degens and D.A. Ross (Editors), The Black Sea its Geology, Chemistry and Biology. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 20 419-425. 

Indirect biological factors which affect the sulfur cycle. 404... 

INDIRECT BIOLOGICAL FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE SULFUR CYCLE... 

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