Sulfonated coals, properties

THTOPHENE. [CAS 110-02-1]. (CH C.H)2)S, formula weight 84.H, colorless liquid resembling benzene in odor, mp —30°C, bp 84°C. sp gr 1,070. Thiophene and its derivatives closely resemble benzene and its derivatives in physical ancl chemical properties. Thiophene is present in coal tar and is recovered in the benzene distillation fraction (up to about 0.5% of the benzene present). Its removal from benzene is accomplished by mixing with concentrated sulfuric acid, soluble thiophene sulfonic acid being formed. Thiophene gives a characteristic blue coloration with isatin in concentrated sulfuric add. 

Though traditionally obtained from coal tar or from fractions during secondary refining processes of petroleum, they are also obtained as mixed xylenols from a mixture of xylenes CAS no. [1330-20-7] or as pure isomers from individual xylems i.e., m-xylene, o-xylene, or p-xylene. Process chemistry for production of xylenols from xylenes is similar to that of cresols from toluene (see Chapter 2), i.e., sulfonation of the respective aromatic hydrocarbons, followed by neutralization of the sulfonic acids, caustic fusion and acidification of the sodium/potassium salts and purification via distillation. Summary of principal properties of xylene isomers has been shown vide Table 1.1. 

Introduction. Development of the so-called coal tar dye industry has resulted in extensive knowledge of naphthalene chemistry. The letter acids based on naphthalene derivatives are very important, especially for azo dyes. The color properties of the chromophore present depend highly on the substitution pattern of the naphthalene nucleus. The introduction of sulfonate, nitro, amino, and hydroxyl groups in various positions is therefore an important characteristic feature of the production of these intermediates. 

Chem. Descrip. Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, branched CAS 27176-87-0 EINECS/ELINCS 248-289-4 Uses Intermediate for the prod, of sodium salts neutralized acid as emulsifier salts as emulsifiers for SBR latex emulsion polymerization paints/ coalings catalyst for acid catalyzed reactions defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard emulsifier in mfg. of food-contact articles Regulatory EDA 21CER 176.210,178.3400 Properties Dk. vise, liq. water-sol. dens. 9.1 Ib/gal sp.gr. 1.09 vise. 9000 cps (30 C) anionic 97.4% act. 

CAS 4548-53-2 EINECS/ELINCS 224-909-9 Synonyms Ci 14700 3-[(2,4-Dimethyi-5-suifophenyi) azo]-4-hydroxy-1-naphthaienesuifonic acid disodium sait 4-Hydroxy-3-((5-suifo-2,4-xyiyi) azo)-1 -naphthaienesuifonic acid, disodium salt Ponceau SX 2-(6-Sulfo-2,4-xylylazo)-1-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid, disodium salt Classification Monoazo color and coal tar dye Empirical C18H14N2O7S2 2Na Properties M.w. 480.42... 

Classification Coal tar monoazo color Definition Disodium salt of 1-p-sulfophenylazo-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid Empirical Ci6HioN2Na207S2 Properties Reddish-yel. powd., gran. sol. (oz/gal) 23 oz dist. water, 14 oz glycerin, 2 oz propylene glycol sol. in cone, sulfuric acid si. sol. in abs. alcohol m.w. 452.36... 

Carbonaceous materials are obtained via heat treatment from various sources, including coal, liquefied coal, coke, petroleum, resins, carbon blacks, paraffins, olefins, pitch, tar, polycyclic aromatic compounds (naphthalene, biphenyl, naphthalene sulfonic acid, anthracene sulfonic acid, phenanthrene sulfonic acid, etc.), polymers (polyethylene, polymethylacrylale, polyvinyl chloride, phenol resin, polyacrylonitrile, etc.) [99-101J. This kind of fluids is claimed to. show a strong ER effect, low electric power consumption and excellent durability [101]. Several publications addressed the ER effect and physical properties of carbonaceous ER fluids [102-104]. 

---