Sulfonamide Type

Unwanted effects of sulfonamide-type diuretics (a) hypokalemia is a consequence of excessive 1C loss in the terminal segments of the distal tubules where increased amounts of Na are available for exchange with 1C (b) hyperglycemia and glycosuria (c) hyper-uricemia-increase in serum urate levels may precipitate gout in predisposed patients. Sulfonamide diuretics compete with urate for the tubular organic anion secretory system. 

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Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase (CAH) inhibitor that acts predominantly in the proximal convoluted tubules. Its mechanism of action can be summarized as follows. Reabsorption of Na+ is decreased because fewer H+ ions are available for the Na+/H+ antiporter. As a result, excretion of Na+ and H20 increases. CAH accelerates attainment of equilibrium of C02 hydration/dehydration reactions  

Dorzolamide can be applied topically to the eye to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma (p.346). 

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For example, Day-Glo HM Series toners come ia a range of colors suitable for flexographic and gravure inks of the solvent-base type. The Radiant GF Series and Lawter HVT Series are also suitable for this type of apphcation (see Table 2). Generally, these toners are of the formaldehyde—sulfonamide type and requite oxygenated solvents, primarily alcohol—ester blends, for proper solution. For appHcations such as flexographic printing on film, these materials are modified with other resias such as nitrocellulose or polyamides ia the finished ink. 

Supuran CT, Casini A, Scozzafava A. Protease inhibitors of the sulfonamide type anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral agents. Med Res Rev 2003 23 535-58. 

A classic success case of the brute-force approach is the discovery of Prontosil rubrum , the first sulfonamide type... 

In the last ten years, the sulfonamide type of diuretic has yielded spectacularly to intensive study. The recognition that certain sulfonamides could have a useful influence upon renal electrolyte excretion is scarcely 15 years old The basic observations for this diuretic development arose from the sulfa drug era, from observations on the side effects of the first sulfa drug, sulfanilamide. Tishler (62) gives a chart depicting the many new drug fields where valuable... 

Glustien AS, Fisher ER. Renal lesions of sulfonamide type after treatment with acetazolamide (Diamox). JAMA 1956 106 204-206. 

The best known example of anti-resistant compounds of the benzene sulfonamide type is N,N-di-/i-butyl-4-chlorobenzene sulfonamide (15), introduced under the name WARF anti-resistant (Fales and Bodenstein, 1961 Pittai et al ... 

These products are unable to serve as substrate for glutamyl transfer and are excreted into the culture medium by E. coli. However, products of this type have also been reported more recently to interfere with folate-mediated metabolism. Moreover, the consumption of the dihydropteroate synthase substrate by reaction with the sulfonamide-type substrate analogue may contribute to overall folate-coenzyme depletion. 

Tosyl group (Tos), 4-toluenesulfonyl group, Tos, a sulfonamide-type protecting group for N , the Arg guanidino group, or the His imidazole nitrogen. It can be cleaved by reduction with sodium in liquid ammonia. 

Uses antibacterial agent and antimicrobial agent of sulfonamide type (topical and vaginal)... 

Poly sulfonamide type (from disulfochloride +diamine)... 

All the latter reactions lack practical utility. This is definitely not the case with the wealth of cyclization reactions that have emerged in the past decade. These enable the controlled dearomatization of benzenes and naphthalenes, which up to now have been the domain of Birch reductions. The new objective is to generate, mostly by metalation of an allylic or benzylic site, an organometallic species that is connected to an arene part by a carboxamide or sulfonamide type tether. Intramolecular attack on the arene ring followed by quenching of the enolate-like intermediate (e.g., 187 and 188) provides an annulated heterocycle for ftirther elaboration (Scheme 1-133). 

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