Anionic fluorinated surfactants sulfates

Typical surfactants for neutral or anionically charged hydrophobic polymers are sodium dodecyl sulfate or nonionic ethoxylates. For cationic polymers, either cationic or nonionic surfactants are used. Fluorinated surfactants are... 

Amphoteric fluorinated surfactants have at least one anionic and at least one cationic group at about their isoelectric point [181]. The cationic group is usually a quaternary amine or a protonated tertiary or secondary amine. The anionic functionality is a carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, or phosphate group. Most widely used fluorinated surfactants are carboxybetaine-type amphoteric surfactants which have, like betaines, a cationic amine functionality and an anionic carboxylate group. Instead of a carboxylate group, the anionic component of sulfatobetaines is a sulfate group and that of sulfobetaines is a sulfonate group. 

At the end of the 1990s statistics show that the non-ionic surfactants achieved the highest growth in production rates world-wide, though anionic surfactants (anionics) maintained the dominant position in the surfactant market. Today they are produced in a larger variety by the petrochemical industry than all other types of surfactants. Their production spectrum covers alkyl sulfates (ASs), secondary alkane sulfonates (SASs) and aryl sulfonates and carboxylates via derivatives of partly fluorinated or perfluorinated alkyl surfactants to compounds with an alkylpolyglycolether substructure combined with an anionic moiety such as alkylether sulfates (AESs), phosphates, phosphonates or carboxylates. 

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