Sugar alternatives

Two- and three-component Hantzsch reactions using C-glycosylated reagents have been reported as an alternate method for conducting asymmetric syntheses of 1,4-dihydropyridines." ° Reaction of 109, 110 and 97 generate 111 with Ri = sugar. Alternatively, 112 and 113 produce 111 with Ri = sugar. While the yields were acceptable (60-90%), the diastereomeric ratio varied from 30-60%. 

Mitchell H. Sweeteners and Sugar alternatives in food technology. London Blackwell Publishing, 2007. 

H. Mitchell, Sweeteners and sugar alternatives in food technolr y , Wdey-BlackweU, Oxford, UK, p. 94, 2006... 

Mitchell, H. 2006. Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology. Oxford Blackwell Publishing. 

Schematic diagram of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) showing the pairing of nitrogen bases (A-T C-G) between parts of two strands of DNA, the backbone of each strand being composed of alternately linked sugar and phosphate units.

Ca.ndy. Its low melting point and sugar inversion properties make malic acid a desirable acidulant, especially in hard candy products (44,45). Due to their insolubiUty, hard water salts can cause clouding of the finished product. However, because of the higher solubiUty of calcium malate [17482-42-7] relative to alternative acidulants, clarity of the finished product is enhanced. Additionally, in sugar confectionery products where acidulation may exceed 2.0%, malic acid can provide economic benefits. 

In contrast with the well-known Embden-Meyerhof-Pamass glycolysis pathway for the conversion of hexose sugars to alcohol, the steps in conversion of ethanol to acetic acid remain in some doubt. Likely, ethanol is first oxidized to acetaldehyde and water (39). For further oxidation, two alternative routes are proposed more likely, hydration of the acetaldehyde gives CH2CH(OH)2, which is oxidized to acetic acid. An alternative is the Cannizzaro-type disproportionation of two molecules of acetaldehyde to one molecule of ethanol and one molecule of acetic acid. Jicetobacter... 

Glucose Isomeriza.tion, Enzymatic isomerization of glucose to fmctose provides a real alternative to sugar (sucrose) derived from sugarcane or sugarbeets. The commercial product obtained is known as high fmctose com symp (HECS). Two grades of the symp have become estabUshed on the world market, HECS-42 and HECS-55, which contain 42 and 55% fmctose on dry substance basis. These products account for over one-third of the caloric sweetener market ia the United States. 

An alternative approach to the use of a-aminoketones involves acetals (72JOC221) and pyrazine-2,3-diones have been synthesized by this route (Scheme 58). The acetals are readily available from the phthalimido derivatives via the a-chloroketones. Hemiacetals have also served as a starting point for pyrazine synthesis, although in most cases hemiacetals are too labile to be easily prepared examples are common in the 2-amino-2-deoxy sugar series 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose for example dimerizes to the pyrazine (101) when generated in situ from the hydrochloride salt (68JAP6813469). 

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