Sugar users

Isomerases which convert glucose into the sweeter fructose were commercially introduced in the 1960s. Their introduction, coupled with manufacturing technology to immobilize these enzymes, led to the introduction of high-fructose syrup (HFS) in the United States in 1967. Refinements in production processes produced a liquid sweetener that could replace liquid sucrose on a one-to-one basis. At the same time, major upheavals in the world sugar market caused major sugar users to seek such an alternative. 

N. L. Pennington and C. W. Baker, eds.. Sugar, A User s Guide to Sucrose, Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Co., New York, 1990 good reference on uses of sucrose for food and other apphcations. 

Particle-SiZe Distribution. Particle-size specifications for sugar are not usually a part of the legislated standards, but they are of concern to commercial users and suppHers and are often specified in contracts. Grain-size distribution is determined by using a series of sieves, either hand-sieved or machine-sieved (13). 

L. Toth and A. B. Riz2uto, Sugar—-A. User s Guide to Sucrose Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993, Chapt. 1. 

Most users do not encounter problems. It is unclear at this time whether affected individuals cease to be affected over time, as they do with sorbitol and some other sugar alcohols that produce similar problems. 

The tuber samples should be selected at random and be representative of the entire batch in question. The samples should be evaluated for specific gravity and graded for size and absence of external and internal defects. A sub-sample should be Ified and if the fry color is not satisfactory, a reducing sugar evaluation should be made and the strategies for storage and end use followed as recommended above. The appearance and size of tubers are important to the user, and cleaning, uniformity of shape and size, depth of eyes, flesh color, and peel are very important in terms of... 

In this business case there are two suppliers who provide the lubricants to the Mexican sugar mills. The lubricant is delivered to the sugar mill and collected and recycled by the service providers. The machines in the sugar mill are operated by the user. The basis of payment is the amount of sugar cane milled therefore the unit of charge is based on the function of the used lubricants (Fig. 7). 

According to the U.S. Department of Justice s Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, laevoamphetamine, and methampheta-mine (MAP) are all referred to as amphetamines because their chemical properties and actions are so similar that even experienced users have difficulty knowing which drug they have taken. Consequently, it doesn t matter what an amphetamine pill or capsule is called. The only difference between amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, for instance, is a few molecules of dextrose, a type of sugar. 

PMA has a much higher rate of lethal complications than ecstasy. PMA toxicity is suspected whenever a user has severe or atypical reactions to the ecstasy pills ingested, and is confirmed through urine drug screens. PMA may also cause low blood sugar, a unique effect not seen with ecstasy. 

Chromium is a mineral found naturally in foods. It is an essential nutrient. It helps control blood sugar, and this makes it important in diabetes and heart disease research. Studies on chromium as a fat burner haven t shown that it actually burns fat. In general, studies have come up with no evidence, or have had mixed results. Furthermore, too much of the mineral can be toxic. (This is highly unlikely from food alone, but quite possible with supplements.) Users can suffer kidney, liver, muscle, and bone marrow damage from taking in too much chromium. 

Annual production of HFCS amounts to over 10 million tons, selling at around 24 cents/kg for the 42 percent grade. HFCS is also available in the form of 55 percent syrup, 90 percent syrup, or as 99 percent pure crystalline fructose. The 42 percent HFCS is 15-20 percent cheaper than liquid invert sugar on a dry weight basis and is predominantly used in soft drinks. The baking industry ranks as the second largest user. Fifty-five percent HFCS, made by combining the 42 percent HFCS with 90 percent HFCS, has... 

TABLE 35.3 U.S. Sugar Deliveries to Industrial and Nonindustrial Users, Selected Years (1000 Short Tons, Raw Value)81... 

In applying Equation (8.3), the pounds of active ingredient applied per acre is assumed to be a use-specific constant, and the number of acres treated in a year is assumed to be a use-and-user-specific distribution. Use refers to crop (e.g. com, sorghum. North American sugar cane or Hawaiian sugar cane), vegetation management, sod or lawn care, while user refers to either a commercial operator... 

---