Sugar estimation fermentation

Most polymers can be made from renewable resources at a cost. For example polyethylene, the major commodity polymer used in packaging, was one of the earliest biopolymers. For some years ethylene was manufactured from sugar by fermentation to alcohol, followed by dehydration to ethene and, if and when the economics of alcohol manufacture justify its use as a biofuel, the polyolefins will again become biopolymers. So far as resource depletion is concerned, if fossil carbon resources were used only for the manufacture of polymers and not for energy production, the former would last for approximately 300 years based on present estimates. By that time, polyolefins will in any case probably be manufactured from renewable resources anyway for purely economic reasons. At... 

Uses. High fmctose symp is used as a partial or complete replacement for sucrose or invert sugar in food appHcations to provide sweetness, flavor enhancement, fermentables, or humectant properties. It is used in beverages, baking, confections, processed foods, dairy products, and other apphcations. Worldwide HES production in the 1994—1995 fiscal year was estimated at about 8.6 x 10 t (dry basis) (18). About 75% of total world production is in the United States. 

Special mention must be made of poly(lactic acid), a biodegradable/bio-resorbable polyester, obtained from renewable resources through fermentation of com starch sugar. This polymer can compete with conventional thermoplastics such as PET for conventional textile fibers or engineering plastics applications. Hie first Dow-Cargill PLA manufacturing facility is scheduled to produce up to 140,000 tons of Nature Works PLA per year beginning in 200245 at an estimated price close to that of other thermoplastic resins U.S. l/kg.46 Other plants are planned to be built in the near future.45... 

It may be estimated that ethanol yields from lignocellulosics will range between 0.12 and 0.32 L kg-1 undried feedstock, depending upon the efficiency of five-carbon sugar conversion [26]. Other types of fermentation, including bacterial fermentation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, can produce various other products from the sugar stream, including lactic acid. 

For the new wine to contain the desired 15-16 vol % alcohol, it is necessary to add some sugar to the juice or the partially fermented wine except in cases of unusually high sugar content in the grapes. In any event, it is necessary to have an accurate estimate of the sugar concentration in the juice before more sugar is added and before fermentation starts. It is better not to add the calculated amount of sucrose to the juice immediately but to make two or three smaller additions after the fermentation is actively under way. This technique is known as syruped fermentation and can yield wines of as much as 17 vol % alcohol under favorable conditions of yeast nutrients and temperature control. 

The use of alcohol (ethanol) prepared from the fermentation of sugars, starches and other carbohydrates dates back to the beginning of recorded history. Alcohol is the most important drug of dependence in all industrialized countries, and the clinical and social problems that arise from its widespread abuse are legion. In the US, the total annual economic cost of alcoholism and its related disorders has been estimated to be approximately 80 billion, and this does not take into account the human cost, which is impossible to quantify. It has been calculated that the lifetime... 

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