Substituted configuration interaction

A is a parameter that can be varied to give the correct amount of ionic character. Another way to view the valence bond picture is that the incorporation of ionic character corrects the overemphasis that the valence bond treatment places on electron correlation. The molecular orbital wavefimction underestimates electron correlation and requires methods such as configuration interaction to correct for it. Although the presence of ionic structures in species such as H2 appears coimterintuitive to many chemists, such species are widely used to explain certain other phenomena such as the ortho/para or meta directing properties of substituted benzene compounds imder electrophilic attack. Moverover, it has been shown that the ionic structures correspond to the deformation of the atomic orbitals when daey are involved in chemical bonds. 

Practical configuration interaction methods augment the Hartree-Fock by adding only a limited set of substitutions, truncating the Cl expansion at some level of substitution. For example, the CIS method adds single excitations to the Hartree-Fock determinant, CID adds double excitations, CISD adds singles and doubles, CISDT adds singles, doubles, and triples, and so on. 

A disadvantage of all these limited Cl variants is that they are not size-consistent.The Quadratic Configuration Interaction (QCI) method was developed to correct this deficiency. The QCISD method adds terms to CISD to restore size consistency. QCISD also accounts for some correlation effects to infinite order. QCISD(T) adds triple substitutions to QCISD, providing even greater accuracy. Similarly, QCISD(TQ) adds both triples and quadruples from the full Cl expansion to QCISD. 

More accurate multi-determinant configuration-interaction (Cl) wavefunctions are described by specifying the types of substitutions ( excitations ) from the starting HF... 

We take the initial wavefunctions to be very limited configuration-interaction expansions, containing only s orbitals. Thus, we take as the first wavefunc-tion in the one formed by all single and double excitations generated from the basic configuration [Is ] by substitutions comprising the 2s orbital for the second wavefunction, we span over the 2s and 3s orbitals and for the third one, we use orbitals Is, 2s and 3s. Hence, are all these wavefunctions are full Cl wavefunctions for such bases. Explicitly, these wavefunctions are... 

A number of methods have been proposed for calculations of the geometries of molecules in excited states. These include CIS (Configuration Interaction Singles) and variations on CIS to account for the effect of double substitutions, as well as so-called time dependent density functional models. Except for CIS (the simplest of the methods) there is very little practical experience. There is also very little solid experimental data on the geometries of excited-state molecules. 

P.E.M. Siegbahn, Multiple Substitution Effects in Configuration Interaction Calculations, Chem. Phys. Letters 55, 386 (1978). 

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