SUBJECTS magnetic fluid

There are also complex fluids that change from solid-like to liquid-like, or vice versa, when subjected to a modest deformation. Complex fluids of this type include particulate and polymeric gels. Some fluids change to solids when an electric or magnetic field is applied these are electrorheological and magnetorheological suspensions. A classical liquid or solid, on the other hand, does not change character in response to a weak field unless it is extremely close to a phase transition temperature. 

The fluid dynamic properties of continuous magnetic media, including liquid ferromagnetic media (ferrofluids), are described by the Navier-Stokes equations with the addition of terms describing the interaction with the magnetic field and are the subject of a considerable number of studies (for a review, see Ref. 1). The motion of discrete magnetic particles in a very... 

Contents Theory of Electrons in Polar Fluids. Metal-Ammonia Solutions The Dilute Region. Metal Solutions in Amines and Ethers. Ultrafast Optical Processes. Metal-Ammonia Solutions Transition Range. The Electronic Structures of Disordered Materials. Concentrated M-NH3 Solutions A Review. Strange Magnetic Behavior and Phase Relations of Metal-Ammonia Compounds. Metallic Vapors. Mobility Studies of Excess Electrons in Nonpolar Hydrocarbons. Optical Absorption Spectrum of the Solvated Electron in Ethers and Binary Liquid Systems. Subject Index. Color Plates. 

The continuum mechanics of solids and fluids serves as fhe prototypical example of the strategy of turning a blind eye to some subset of the full set of microscopic degrees of freedom. From a continuum perspective, the deformation of the material is captured kinematically through the existence of displacement or velocity fields, while fhe forces exerted on one part of the continuum by the rest are described via a stress tensor field. For many problems of interest to the mechanical behavior of materials, it suffices to build a description purely in terms of deformation fields and their attendant forces. A review of the key elements of such theories is the subject of this chapter. However, we should also note that the purview of continuum models is wider than that described here, and includes generalizations to liquid crystals, magnetic materials, superconductors and a variety of other contexts. 

Expensive and bulky compared with universal goniometer not usefiil for measuring small joints of hand and fool susceptible to magnetic fields [Clarkson, 2000] subject to same soft tissue error concerns described above under fluid goniometer... 

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