SUBJECTS calorific value

Gas analytical instruments for vehicle exhaust emission surveillance, evidential breath alcohol analysis in road traffic and calorific value determination of fuel gases are subject to legal control and require type approval and initial and subsequent verification. The national standards required in this part of gas analysis are provided by BAM. PTB uses in-house standards prepared by dynamic blending to ensure traceability of its type approval... 

As unifying, underlying concepts, type and rank certainly can be employed to envision why coals have the properties that they do. However, it is time for a reevaluation of coal classification concepts. How can we measure rank when we analyze coals of different types and when there is no simple rank progression even when vitrinite or vitrinite-rich coals are compared And how can we assess type when maceral identification criteria are highly subjective, except for reflectance measurements that routinely are not even applied to the liptinite and highly variable inerti-nite macerals And, finally, how can coals be classified scientifically when empirical and derived properties like calorific value and fixed carbon yield are employed as classifying parameters ... 

Cell concentration in the medium was estimated as diy cell weight. The harvested cells were collected by centrifugation (12,000 x g, 4 C for 15 min) and washed with distilled water. The cells dried under reduced pressure were subjected to chemical analysis. The calorific value of the cells was measured using an automatic bomb calorimeter (CA-3, Shimadzu, Japan). Elemental composition of the cells was measuredusing an automatic elemental analyzer (EA1108, Fisons Instruments Co., Italy). 

One of the most satisfactory uses of waste lubricants is as a fuel extender in cement production, subject to control over metal content. The advantages of this disposal route are the low-cost, or free, calorific value of the waste as a fuel to the cement manufacturer and the wastes which might otherwise be vented to the atmosphere with the flue gases are retained within the cement product with no adverse environmental consequences. There are, of course, limits to the cement production capacity which can use this waste as a fuel, particularly as cement kilns are seen as the ideal disposal route for other hazardous wastes such as contaminated solvents. The capacity of cement plants to dispose of combustible wastes is also dependent upon the level of demand for cement, which reduces when the building industry is in recession. 

Coke and coal oven gas The coke oven gas is a result of secondary cracking reaction in coke ovens, to which the gases and vapors of carbonization are subjected and hence hydrogen forms its principal components. The typical composition is Fl2 (45-54% v/v), CFl4 (28-34% v/v), CO (6-7% v/v), N2 (5-6% v/v), CO2 (2-2.5% v/v), and so on. The corresponding gross calorific value (GCV) (saturated) is about 5000 kcal/Nm3. 

Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. imports LNG from Indonesia and Branei to provide town gas for its customers. Town gas in Japan is legally subject to quality control to ensure that the calorific value is kept at a constant... 

Because, however, the ingredients of LNG vary somewhat according to its source and the conditions of its liquefaction, the calorific value of the resulting town gas is subject to variation. 

Gasification is the process in which the polymer waste is subjected to direct combustion. This process superior in terms of calorific value, however, causes damage to... 

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