Sugars Subject

The successful isolation of fluorine made Moissan s name known throughout the scientific world, and in 1893 another achievement won for him more popular publicity than he desired. On February sixth of that year he apparently succeeded in preparing small artificial diamonds by subjecting sugar charcoal to enormous pressure (52, 53, 63). Most of his diamonds were black like carbonado, but the largest one, 0.7 of a... 

Specifications for raw cane sugar are set by purchase contracts. There are no international specifications, although the Codex JUimentarius is composing a draft specification. Because raw sugar is not sold as a food product in the United States (it is transported in bulk, like grain or coal), it is not subject to food regulations. Purchase contracts outside the United States are generady based only on pol U.S. contracts are discussed in the Hterature (6). 

Early applications of crystalline fructose focused on foods for special dietary applications, primarily calorie reduction and diabetes control. The latter application sought to capitalize on a signiftcandy lower serum glucose level and insulin response in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes melUtus (21,22) and insulin-dependent diabetes (23). However, because fmctose is a nutritive sweetener and because dietary fmctose conversion to glucose in the hver requires insulin in the same way as dietary glucose or sucrose, recommendations for its use are the same as for other nutritive sugars (24). Review of the health effects of dietary fmctose is available (25). 

Toxicity. Sugar alcohols are classified as relatively harmless. Acute oral toxicity values in mice for mannitol and sorbitol (5) are given in Table 4. The acute oral LD q value for xyUtol in mice is 25.7 g/kg (205). Ingestion of 10 g/d of either mannitol or sorbitol by a normal human subject for one month resulted in no untoward effects (206). XyUtol given to healthy humans for 21 d in increasing doses up to 75 g/d produced no adverse effects (207). The limiting dose of xyUtol for production of diarrhea in humans is 20—30 g (4), but tolerance usually develops on continued adrninistration (207). 

Cocoa butter is the common name given to the fat obtained by subjecting chocolate Hquor to hydrauHc pressure. It is the main carrier and suspending medium for cocoa particles in chocolate Hquor and for sugar and other ingredients in sweet and milk chocolate. 

Each turn around this cycle uses up one molecule of acetic acid and produces two of C02 and two of water. The stages at which oxidation occurs are not shown in detail, for this is a rather complex subject and is beyond our present ability to consider in detail. However, it can be seen that the oxidation does occur (because acetic acid and oxygen are fed in and C02 and H20 are discharged), and the energy of "burning sugar, the source of the acetic acid, is being released. 

A second main subject of research by Garci a Gonzalez, mainly with the collaboration of A. Gomez-Sanchez, was the reaction of amino sugars with... 

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