Subject inorganic-organic polymers

As with organic solvents, proteins are not soluble in most of the ionic liquids when they are used as pure solvent. As a result, the enzyme is either applied in immobilized form, coupled to a support, or as a suspension in its native form. For production processes, the majority of enzymes are used as immobilized catalysts in order to facilitate handling and to improve their operational stability [24—26]. As support, either inorganic materials such as porous glass or different organic polymers are used [27]. These heterogeneous catalyst particles are subject to internal and external... 

Another approach was the synthesis of inorganic/organic composite materials to influence the properties of the membrane. An overview on the state of the art of composite perflourinated membranes is given in [15]. Infiltration of a polymer carrier material with various inorganic proton conductors is subject of a patent [16]. For operation at elevated temperature, several materials have been considered, hi an early work, Nafion /Fl3P04 showed better conductivity at temperatures above 100°C compared with blank Nation and also reduced methanol permeabihty [17]. New types of polymers are also under development for better temperature stabihty one of the most advanced examples is the high-temperature material polybenzimidazole, which usually is doped with phosphoric acid [18]. 

Inorganic polymers can overcome some of the disadvantages of organic polymers, such as degradability at relatively low temperatures, or in the presence of oxygen or radiation, and they are expected to become more important in the future. The reader can find more details on this subject elsewhere [10]. 

Biomedical polymer material is an important component of biological material and is a remarkable functional polymer. It involves in physics, chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, pathology subjects. The synthetic polymer materials and the organisms (natural polymer) have a very similar chemical structure, which determines their similarity in performance and enables high molecular polymer to meet the many complicate and rigorous functional requirements for medical products. Most metal and inorganic materials are incapable in this respect. Presently, high molecular polymers are widely used in medical products. 

The formation of three-dimensional polymer networks during the synthesis process has long been an important subject in polymer chemistry and physics [63-66]. The mechanism of formation of the organic (polymer)-inorganic (clay) network structure of NC gels was elucidated on the basis of changes in viscosity, optical transparency, XRD, and mechanical properties [39]. 

This report reflects the importance of the subject in four major divisions -of chemistry physical, inorganic, organic, and polymer. 

The chemistry and physics of organic polymers (much of which is relevant to inorganic polymers as well), including the classical theory of gelation, is the subject of the classic text... 

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