Styrenes phenylation

Styrene (Phenyl Ethylene, Ethenylbenzene or Vinylbenzene). HsCH2,mw 104.16,... 

Theory and Spectra of Monosubstituted Benzenes. VI. Styrene, Phenyl-acetylene and Phenylcycloalkanes, J. Amer. chem. Soc. 72, 5260 (1950). 

If the side chain is in an iso form, a more complex aromatic olefin forms. Isopropyl benzene leads to a methyl styrene and styrene [70], The long-chain alkylate aromatics decay to styrene, phenyl, benzyl, benzene, and alkyl fragments. The oxidation processes of the xylenes follow somewhat similar mechanisms [71, 72],... 

Reactions Ethyl- benzene Styrene Phenyl- acetylene... 

Silver acetate has a small catalytic effect on the alkene substitution reaction but 5 equiv. of the salt only give 140% of stilbene in the styrene phenylation, based upon palladium.15 The same reaction carried out at 80 C under 300 lbf in-2 (1 lbf in-2 = 6.89 kPa) of oxygen gives stilbene in 248% yield, based upon palladium.16 The best reoxidation reagent is f-butyl perbenzoate, which yields 10-14 turnovers of the palladium in the vinyl substitution of cinnamaldehyde and similar alkenes with benzene.17... 

Styrene (phenyl ethylene, vinyl benzene freezing point -30.6°C, boiling point 145°C, density 0.9059, flash point 31.4°C) is made from ethylbenzene by dehydrogenation at high temperature (630°C) with various metal oxides as catalysts, including zinc, chromium, iron, or magnesium oxides coated on activated carbon, alumina, or bauxite (Fig. 1). Iron oxide on potassium carbonate is also used. 

Entry Phenyl-t-Butyl Nitrone (mmol) Ratio Initiator/ Phenyl-t-Butyl Nitrone Ratio Styrene/ Phenyl-t-Butyl Nitrone (daltons)... 

Addition Reactions. All the metallaaromatic species kinetically stabilized by a Tbt group showed considerably high reactivity toward the reagents such as water, methanol, styrene, phenyl acetylene, mesitonitrile oxide, benzophenone, and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene. Some of them were allowed to react with elemental chalcogen such as sulfur and selenium to give several kinds of unique cyclic chalcogenides as the cycloadducts. In Scheme 60 were summarized the reactions of the sila- and germabenzenes as the representative. 

Styrene-phenyl-maleimide copolymer and HDT, chemical, solvent impact resistance Fukuda and Kasahara, 1982... 

FIGURE 1. Quantum yield of chain scission, 5, due to Norrish Type II reaction in styrene-phenyl vinyl ketone co-polymer as function of temperature. Xex=313 nm. Tg= glass transition temperature. [After Fig. 1, Macromolecules, 230 (1973)]. 

Quantification of Raman spectra requires the use of internal standardization and this can sometimes be achieved using an essentially invariant feature of the sample. For example in the analysis of styrene in a polymerization reaction the styrene phenyl peak was used [26]. 

Methylene bis (4-methyl-6-nonylphenol) 4,4 -Methylenedianiline Phenol, styrenated Phenyl-a-naphthylamine Phenyl-p-naphthylamine o-Phenylphenol p-Phenylphenol Sodium pentachlorophenate 4,4 -Thiobis-6-(t-butyl-m-cresol)... 

By far the largest outlet for benzene (approx. 60%) is styrene (phenyl-ethene), produced by the reaction of benzene with ethylene a variety of liquid and gas phase processes, with mineral or Lewis acid catalysts, are used. The ethylbenzene is then dehydrogenated to styrene at 600-650°C over iron or other metal oxide catalysts in over 90% selectivity. Co-production with propylene oxide (section 12.8.2) also requires ethylbenzene, but a route involving the cyclodimerization of 1,3-butadiene to 4-vinyl-(ethenyl-) cyclohexene, for (oxidative) dehydrogenation to styrene, is being developed by both DSM (in Holland) and Dow. 60-70% of all styrene is used for homopolymers, the remainder for co-polymer resins. Other major uses of benzene are cumene (20%, see phenol), cyclohexane (13%) and nitrobenzene (5%). Major outlets for toluene (over 2 5 Mt per annum) are for solvent use and conversion to dinitrotoluene. 

Hydrocarbon Styrene Phenyl- butadiene Diphenyl- butadiene... 

Shmidt, A.F. and Mametova, L.V. (1996) Main features of catalysis in the styrene phenylation reaction. Kinet. Catal., 37, 406-8. 

PPE/SBS, styrene-phenyl-maleimide HDT, impact, and solvent resistance Fukuda and Kasahara 1982... 

Fig. 27. Quantum yield of Norrish type II reaction of styren phenyl vinyl ketone copolynKr film as a function of temperature ...

Isoamyl chloroacetate 1,3-Butanediol methyl ether acetate Styrene Phenyl acetate Ethylbenzene m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene... 

Fig. 8. H-R plot of methoxy resonance data obtained for styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymers derived from styrene-phenyl methacrylate copolymers by transesterification [79]. Plot based on spectra of copolymers in CDCI3 —CCI4 solution...

The SBR material includes random segments of these isomers plus a random distribution of the styrene (phenyl) moiety in the chain (Scheme 21.2). Since the cis- and trans-geometric isomers occur randomly throughout the main polymer chain, they are shown in the following as a CTOssed or twisted double bond. 

Chem. Descrip. POE styrenated phenyl ether Uses Pigment dispersant emulsifier Properties Liq. cloud pt. 72 C (1%) 100% act. 

Chem. Descrip. Ethoxyiated styrenated phenyl ether Uses Dispersant for pigments and org. emulsions Properties Liq. cioud pt. 34 C (1% aq.) 100% act. 

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