Styrene plastics from hydrogenation

Novel Heat Resistant Plastics from Hydrogenation of Styrene Polymers... 

This monomer is ethylene when R is hydrogen, propylene when R is a methyl group, styrene when R is a benzene ring, and vinyl chloride when R is chlorine. The polymers formed from these four monomers account for the majority of all commercial plastics. The polymers come in great variety and are made by many different processes. All of the polymerizations share a characteristic that is extremely important from the viewpoint of reactor design. They are so energetic that control of the reaction exotherm is a key factor in all designs. 

The important derivatives of benzene are shown in Table 8.8. Ethylbenzene is made from ethylene and benzene and then dehydrogenated to styrene, which is polymerized for various plastics applications. Cumene is manufactured from propylene and benzene and then made into phenol and acetone. Cyclohexane, a starting material for some nylon, is made by hydrogenation of benzene. Nitration of benzene followed by reduction gives... 

Styrene-butadiene or styrene-(ethylene-co-propylene) block copolymers are common compatibilisers for the commingled recyclate from PCW [27]. Improvement of the mechanical properties of heterogeneous PCR (33% PE+39% PVC+28% PET) or (44% PE+1% PP+28% PET+9% PS+2% PVC+16% other plastics) was performed with EPDM or hydrogenated SBS triblocks [52]. 

Production of EPS. Plastic materials on the polystyrene basis occupy with its production volume the third position in the world, following polyolefin and pol5rvinyl chloride. Polystyrene (PS) is made from styrene (vinyl benzene), which is liquid at ordinary temperatures and can be polymerized well in a unit or suspension. In the basic methylene chain, which forms a polystyrene molecule, a six-part aromatic circle (phenyl) is linked to every other carbon instead of hydrogen. 

Ethylene from cracking of the alkane gas mixtures or the naphtha fraction can be directly polymerized or converted into useful monomers. (Alternatively, the ethane fraction in natural gas can also be converted to ethylene for that purpose). These include ethylene oxide (which in turn can be used to make ethylene glycol), vinyl acetate, and vinyl chloride. The same is true of the propylene fi action, which can be converted into vinyl chloride and to ethyl benzene (used to make styrene). The catalytic reformate has a high aromatic fi action, usually referred to as BTX because it is rich in benzene, toluene, and xylene, that provides key raw materials for the synthesis of aromatic polymers. These include p-xylene for polyesters, o-xylene for phthalic anhydride, and benzene for the manufacture of styrene and polystyrene. When coal is used as the feedstock, it can be converted into water gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen), which can in turn be used as a raw material in monomer synthesis. Alternatively, acetylene derived from the coal via the carbide route can also be used to synthesize the monomers. Commonly used feedstock and a simplified diagram of the possible conversion routes to the common plastics are shown in Figure 2.1. 

Diels-Alder reactions, 133, 135 epoxidation, 69-72, 516 grafting on polyethylene, 462 hydroformylation, 44 hydrogenation, 41, 42 isomerization catalysts, 133, 484 isomerization during polymerizations, 484 isomerization kinetics, 484 isopropyl alcohol radical reaction, 207 MA copolymerization, 532, 534, 541 Michael reactions, 63-66 nitrone adducts, 224, 225 olefin copolymerization, 288 olefin ene reactions, 162 phenanthrene adducts, 181 plasticizers use, 14 production—synthesis, 14, 78-81 radical copolymerization, 270, 275-277, 307, 315, 317, 333, 345, 365, 379 radical polymerization, 239, 264, 287 reaction with allyl alcohol, 46 reaction with sodium bisulfite, 53 styrene copolymerization, 365, 483 tetraalkyl methylenediphosphonate adduct, 66 transesterification, 46 /7-xylylene copolymerization, 359 dialkyl stannyl, PVC stabilizer, 275 diaryl, synthesis from MA, 80 pyridinium, betaine intermediate, 216... 

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