Styela

Villa, L. Patricolo, E. Follicle cells of Styela plicata eggs (Ascidiacea), In Sawada, H. Yokosawa, H. Lambert, C. C. (Eds.), The Biology of Ascidians, Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, 2001. 

Nomura and Ogata provided the first evidence that tunicates can produce PGs [17]. Using a rat stomach fundus bioassay, Halocynthia roretzi tissues were shown to possess low levels of PGs. The testes showed higher levels (9 ngg-1 wet tissue) than ovary and muscle tissue. The sea-squirt Styela clava did not show PGs by this method. No structures were determined in this work. Reexamination of the ability of H, roretzi to produce PGs was carried out by Ogata and coworkers [19]. Incubation of selected tissues with 14C-labeled eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid and subsequent isolation of PGE and PGF fractions after addition of carrier showed the branchial tissue to have the highest conversion levels. Quantitation was done by LSC. Using a TLC radioscanner, the authors determined that fractions with metabolites similar to PGE and PGF... 

Spirorbis borealis [Polychaeta] Styela coriacea [Tunicata])... 

Santos, J. C, Mesquita, J. M. F., Belmiro, C. L. R., Carolina da Silveira, . M., Viskov, C., Mourier, P. A., and Pavao, M. S. G. (2007). Isolation and characterization of a heparin with low antithrombin activity from the body of Styela plicata (Chordata-Tunicata). Distinct effects on venous and arterial models of thrombosis. Thromb. Res. 121,213-222. 

Pereira et ai, 2005) and (F) the DS from Styela plicata, Halocynthia pyriformis, and Ascidian nigra are composed of [4-a-L-ldoA-l -3-fS-D-GalNAc-l], with also different sulfation patterns (Pavao et ai, 1995,1998). 

Mourao, P. A. and Perlin, A. S. (1987). Structural features of sulfated glycans from the tunic of Styela plicata (Chordata-Tunicata). A unique occurrence of L-galactose in sulfated polysaccharides. Eur. ]. Biochem. 166, 431M36. 

Young, C. M. and Braithwaite, L. F., Orientation and current-induced flow in the stalked ascidian Styela montereyensis, Biol. Bull., 159, 428, 1980. 

Oolgi in test cells in the ovary of Styela Pisces Honeycomb, lattice-like [90]... 

Lee, I.H., Cho, Y, Lehrer, R.I. Styelins, broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides from the solitary tunicate, Styela dava. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1997,... 

Clavanins, a-hdical antimicrobial peptides isolated from a mixed tunicate population of Styela clam hemocytes. Qavanin A, VPQELGKIIH HVGNFVHGFS HVFa, and the davanins B-E are 23-peptide antibiotics containing 18 identical residues... 

Hoya Sea-squirt (Styela plicata, Styela clava, Ciona... 

C.X. Xu, H. Jin, YS. Chung, J.Y Shin, M.A. Woo, K.H. Lee, et al., Chondroitin sulfate extracted from the Styela clava mnic suppresses TNF-alpha-induced expression of inflammatory factors, VCAM-1 and iNOS by blocking akt/NF-kappaB signal in JB6 cells. Cancer Lett. 264 (1) (2008) 93-100. 

Homogeneous D-galactan sulphates have been isolated from the testes of the tunicates Halocynthia roretzi and Styela plicata. The results of optical rotation, i.r.spectroscopy, and acid hydrolysis studies suggest that the polysaccharides have repeating sequences of a-L-galactopyranosyl 4-sulphate and a-L-galactopyranosyl 6(or 3)-sulphate. 

Styela plicata (class Ascidiacea) from the California coast were purchased from Rimmon Faye (Pacific Bio-Marine Labs, Inc., Venice CA) ... 

Overall, eight tunicate sequences were generated from three individual Styela, from three individual Thalia, and from two Oikopleura (one from 23 pooled individuals and one from a single animal). 

Table 7.1 Locations and lengths of divergent domains (DDs), DI-DI2, in 28S rRNA genes of key taxa used in this study (Xenopus laevis, Branchiostoma floridae, and Styela p/icoto). These DDs were identified, then deleted from all phylogenetic analyses, leaving only the conserved core.

The newly sequenced 26Sr RNA genes of Styela, Thalia, and Oikopleura are estimated to be about 3700, 3660, and 3650 nucleotides long, respectively, after compensating for the fact that we did not sequence the last ca. 50, 50, and 300 nucleotides of these genes, respectively (Mallatt and Sullivan 1998). 

Aside from the capricious result of the A. californicum research the tunicates in general represent a productive source of new antineoplastic substances (for leading references consult 23)). Indeed, during our initial (1965-1968) worldwide evaluation of marine animals as sources of new anticancer substances, we uncovered the first tunicates (e.g., Styela plicata) with such constituents (4). On our Institute s 1976 expedition to the coast of Honduras, we located a very promising [NCI confirmed active, T/C 173 (9.37 mg/kg)] tunicate of the Trididemnum genus that was later found independently by A. J. Weinheimer and colleagues to yield potent antineoplastic cyclic depsipeptides (the didemnins). 

Fig. 94. Cleavage of ascidians. Distribution of material during cleavage of the Styela oocyte (Ktihn, 1955). 1-5) First, second, and third cleavage divisions 6) scheme of cleavage 7) 64-cell stage 8) 76-112-cell embryo, view from the left side A, B, a, b, denote blastomeres Ch, material of notochord Ec, material of ectoderm En, of endoderm M, of mesoderm Mch, of mesenchyme My, of myoblasts N, of nervous system.

Raftos, D.A., Stilman, D.L., and Cooper, E.L. (1990) ]n vitro culture of tissue from the tunicate Styela clava. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol., 26A, 962-970. 

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