Study Questions

Why must environmental toxicology be considered a broad, multidisciplinary field of study  

List seven disciplines that are combined in environmental toxicology. 

List three important historical events in the history of the discipline of environmental toxicology. For each, give a date (if provided) and the reason the event is so important. 

What is stated as .. . the most fundamental part of the field of environmental 

Why is it important to develop an integrated structure in a research program  

What is the difference in the chain structure of atactic, isotactic, and syndiotactic 

Sketch the types of structural isomers that can be formed from the polymerization of chloroprene (CH CCl-CHsCH.  

You are given the infrared spectra of two samples of polyethylene (see below) which are known to have approximately the same (high) molecular weight and the same type of end groups. One of these samples, say sample A, displays a band due to the presence of methyl groups, while in the other sample B, this band is extremely weak. What is the difference in microstructure of these two samples Which one of these do you think would be more crystalline and why  

Make a flexible, optically clear polymer film. 

Make a milk jug, where stiffness and good barrier properties are more important than optical clarity. Explain the basis of your choice (i.e., don t be lazy and just guess ). 

Know the following definitions and how they relate to each other  

Understand the relationships among Gibbs free energy, chemical potential, reaction quotients (Q), the equilibrium constant, and the saturation index SI). 

Learn the conventions used to define units of entropy, heat capacity, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy of elements, solids, liquids, and ions, including the proton. 

Know the concept of activity versus concentration and how activity is defined for gases, solutes, pure solids, and liquids. 

Define ideal solutions, Raoult s and Henry s laws, and Nernst s law, with an application of each. 

Describe the basic difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. 

List the differences between chemolithotrophic and chemorganotrophic bacteria. 

List the differences in the composition of polysaccharide, lipids, and proteins. 

What is an electron donor How is it different from electron acceptors  

Explain and provide the reaction for free-energy change (AG). 

What are the four major types of copolymers, in terms of structure  

Explain how addition polymerization works. What characteristic is shared by the monomers used in addition polymerization  

Explain the difference between conformation and configuration. Which do you think will affect polymer properties the most Why  

What is the degree of polymerization of a PP sample with a molecular weight of 100,000 (Answer 2381) 

Give an example of a polymer that has more than one stereochemical configuration. Sketch the configurations, and name them. How do you expect the configurations to affect the properties of the polymer  

(True or False) Mechanics who work on the same vehicles tend to develop expert knowledge and can save the fleet money and valuable time. 

List four vehicle components that are directly related to safety. 

Petroleum trucks have to carry fire extinguishers that weigh how many pounds  

(True or False) When assigning a vehicle to an individual, you will lower operating costs and also lower vehicle abuse to the vehicles. 

List three required pieces of equipment regulated imder the State and Interstate Commerce Commission Regulations for motor fleet vehicles. 

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A problem long appreciated in economic evaluations, but whose seriousness has perhaps been underestimated (Sturm et al, 1999), is that a sample size sufficient to power a clinical evaluation may be too small for an economic evaluation. This is mainly because the economic criterion variable (cost or cost-effectiveness) shows a tendency to be highly skewed. (One common source of such a skew is that a small proportion of people in a sample make high use of costly in-patient services.) This often means that a trade-off has to be made between a sample large enough for a fully powered economic evaluation, and an affordable research study. Questions also need to be asked about what constitutes a meaningful cost or cost-effectiveness difference, and whether the precision (type I error) of a cost test could be lower than with an effectiveness test (O Brien et al, 1994). 

Since these early X-ray diffraction experiments, several other crystals have been subjected to analysis by X-ray and neutron diffraction and the F bond length has remained virtually unchanged. The location of the proton has been the point at issue. Early ir studies on KHF2 were interpreted as evidence for a double minimum potential well (Ketelaar, 1941 Glocker and Evans, 1942), but later studies questioned this (Pitzer and Westrum, 1947 Cote and Thompson, 1951 Newman and Badger, 1951) and led to a revision of earlier opinions (Ketelaar and Vedder, 1951). 

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