Study designs longitudinal

Clozapine Longitudinal Trials. In a naturalistic study design, Banov et al. (300) found clozapine was an effective long-term treatment in mood disorders, particularly nondepressed affective patients. After a chart review, the authors identified 193 treatment-resistant patients, including the following ... 

Senn KM, McGuinness BM, Buck Louis GM, Vena JE, Anderson S, Rogers BT (2005) Longitudinal study of babies born to mothers enrolled in a preconception prospective pregnancy study Study design and methodology, New York State angler cohort study. Environ Res, 97(2) 163-169. 

In a study designed to establish whether of not an N cationic center was necessary for a stereospecific action at opioid receptors, Opheim and Cox(49) made a pair of enantiomeric quaternary salts, (-)-3-hydroxy-N,JV-dimethyl-morphinanium iodide and (+)-3-hydroxy-N,iV-dimethylmorphinanium iodide related to levorphanol and dextrorphan, respectively. Only the levo enantiomer gave a dose-dependent inhibition of GPI longitudinal muscle that was naloxone reversible, and although this activity was lower than that seen with levorphanol, it did suggest the necessity for a cationic N-pharmacophore (p. 463). 

Recognition of a beneficial effect of exercise on the Incidence of CHD has led to numerous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies designed to examine the Influence of physical activity on major coronary risk factors, with particular emphasis on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. A number of comprehensive reviews have summarized these studies (14-18). In general. In cross-sectional studies, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is elevated (14) and total plasma and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides are lower In endurance trained subjects than In sedentary control subjects (14). In a study of 23 top-level male athletes, Lehtonen and Vllkarl (19) found a statistically significant relationship between the number of kilometers that the athletes ran or skied weekly and their plasma HDL cholesterol concentration (P<0.05 r=0.554). Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Is frequently lower, and plasma total cholesterol Is Inconsistently lower In trained subjects (19). 

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