Structural small grains

Despite facile formation of p-type ZnTe from the precursor, films of ZnTe formed from a drop cast precursor solution had a small grain structure (using conditions that we have so far explored), which limited prospective TFT device performance. Note that we expect a similar chemistry to that for ZnTe to also be operative for selected other metal telluride precursors. In contrast to the ZnTe films, well-crystallized films of In2Te3 have been formed using... 

Nanocarbon emitters behave like variants of carbon nanotube emitters. The nanocarbons can be made by a range of techniques. Often this is a form of plasma deposition which is forming nanocrystalline diamond with very small grain sizes. Or it can be deposition on pyrolytic carbon or DLC run on the borderline of forming diamond grains. A third way is to run a vacuum arc system with ballast gas so that it deposits a porous sp2 rich material. In each case, the material has a moderate to high fraction of sp2 carbon, but is structurally very inhomogeneous [29]. The material is moderately conductive. The result is that the field emission is determined by the field enhancement distribution, and not by the sp2/sp3 ratio. The enhancement distribution is broad due to the disorder, so that it follows the Nilsson model [26] of emission site distributions. The disorder on nanocarbons makes the distribution broader. Effectively, this means that emission site density tends to be lower than for a CNT array, and is less controllable. Thus, while it is lower cost to produce nanocarbon films, they tend to have lower performance. 

Here we will consider mainly the short-circuit current (SCC) output stability characteristics of both small grain, thin film CdSe and Cd(Se,Te)-based PEC s as well as those of single crystal CdSe-based cells, wh are different crystal faces are exposed to the solution, after they have undergone any of a series of surface treatments. These studies show a strong dependence of the output stability on solution composition, on real electrode surface area, on surface treatment, on crystal face and on crystal structure (for the Cd(Se,Te) alloys) (1,2 7). 

It is likely that oligothiophenes, as many other organic materials, exhibit an intrinsic tendency to form several polymorphic phases, such that small grains of structural minority phases can be easily formed. The respective vibronic energies can be obtained which are in very close agreement (AE <15 cm [) to those reported for matrix isolated 4T. This result clearly indicates that the observed luminescence come from undistorted 4T molecules. 

In the case of passive layers the outer hydroxide film is always present. It is hydrated to a large extent, and thus does not correspond to crystalline Ni(OH)2. The incorporation of water leads to an amorphous structure of the outer part of the passive layer with the observed characteristic dense package of small grains. All these detailed investigations lead to the structure of the passive layer on Ni with a an inner crystalline oxide with a antiparallel orientation of its (111) planes relative to the (11 l)-oriented Ni surface with a tilt of 3° and an outer amorphous hydroxide part. 

The small grains number of 100 - 400 A diameters is 66 %, the middle of 400 - 800 A - 40 % and the large with diameter higher than 800 A - 13 % from the summary grains number. This testifies about nonequalgrained structure formation. 

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