Stripping, deuteron

X-rays, often used in radiation chemistry, differ from y-rays only operationally namely, X-rays are produced in machines, whereas y-rays originate in nuclear transitions. In their interaction with matter, they behave similarly—that is, as a photon of appropriate energy. Other radiations used in radiation-chemical studies include protons, deuterons, various accelerated stripped nuclei, fission fragments, and radioactive radiations (a, /, or y). 

The momentum diagram for the reaction shown in Figure 10.16 assumes the momentum of the incident deuteron is ktlh, the momentum of the emitted proton is kph, while kDh is the momentum of the stripped neutron. From conservation of... 

Figure 8.10. Stripping reaction with deuterons (Oppcnhciiner- Phillips reaction).

Stripped carbon atoms (C ) accelerated in the cyclotron have recently led to some interesting transmutations. These particles have energies about 6 times those of deuterons under similar operating conditions. Examples are... 

Technetium is an artificial element obtained by the radioactive decay of molybdenum. Element 43, named technetium in 1947, had been discovered in 1937 by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segre in a sample obtained from the Berkely Radiation Laboratory (now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) in California (Perrier and Segre 1937, 1947). By bombarding a molybdenum strip with 8-MeV deuterons in a 37-in. cyclotron, a radioactive molybdenum species (half-life, 65 h) had been obtained which decayed by yff-emission to a short-lived isotope (half-life, 6 h) with novel properties, identified as technetium-99m (Segre and Seaborg 1938). 

The theory of stripping reactions has been reviewed by Huby who discusses also the original treatment of excitation functions for deuteron induced activities given by Oppenheimer and Phillips and high energy stripping reactions (Serber ) in which interest is concentrated more on the break-up of the... 

Deuteron stripping reactions experimental. Although excitation functions for deuteron induced activity were shown by Oppenheimer and Phillips to... 

Fig- 55 a—c. Target arrangements for stud3nng the deuteron stripping process [40], [41]. (a) [dp) reaction, counter method (b) [dp) reaction, emulsion method (c) (dn) reaction, emulsion method. 

The striking distributions obtained in the 0 [dp) reactions with 8 MeV deuterons [iff] stimulated the development of stripping theory. 

Na Angular distributions are given for 1 MeV deuterons by Takemoto et al., for 3 MeV by Shapiro, and for 10 MeV by Bretscher et al.. These experiments give very similar patterns, with all the stripping features shifted to smaller angles in the 10 MeV observations. They agree in ascribing a mixture oi 1 = 0 and 1 = 2 to the unresolved states at 0,47 and 0.56 MeV. 

Parkinson et al. using 7.2 MeV deuterons studied the stripping pattern for the (doublet) ground state transition and found clear evidence for = 2. This is the value required by the shell model since the i-orbits are filling at the 17 neutron the alternative = 0 transition could lead to the same value for the spin of the final nucleus P but is unacceptable to the shell model. Since / = 0... 

CZ The excited states of the nuclei CF and CF have been investigated with fairly low resolution by Shrader and Pollard using deuterons accelerated in a cyclotron and range analysis. King and Parkinson showed that the stripping pattern for the ground state [dp) reaction is fitted by / = 2. Since the spin of CF is known to be 2 and that of CF is values of 0, 2 and 4 are permitted by the selection rule for /. The shell model however requires the 19 neutron to enter a Z-orbit, and this is confirmed by the experiment. The admixture of Z = 0 waves appears to be less than 4%. 

The conclusions of stripping experiments with 8 MeV deuterons on elements lighter than calcium are discussed by Holt and Marsham [40]. In general the main features of the observed angular distributions are predicted by theory but isotropic backgrounds are often present. The nuclear radius used was usually, in the Butler theory... 

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