Origins of X-Rays

Figure 3. Origin of x-rays emanating from paper printed on both sides.

The origin of X-rays, 7-ray bursts and radiowaves that pervade the Galaxy is as mysterious as the cosmic-ray sources. Evidence is mounting that in most cases these phenomena are linked to violent explosions, thought to include neutron-star quakes, quark nuggets, supernovae, matter-antimatter annihilation, clumping of quasars and colliding stars. Of all space radiations radio phenomena have been studied in most detail. 

Origin of X-ray excited optical 4.3. Rare earths in iron transition ... 

The use of experimental X-ray vidicons, original technique of X-raying and computer image processing allowed to improve basic parameters of XTVI and to achieve higher defectoscopic sensitivity and greater thickness of X-rayed materials and products. 

Edx is based on the emission of x-rays with energies characteristic of the atom from which they originate in Heu of secondary electron emission. Thus, this technique can be used to provide elemental information about the sample. In the sem, this process is stimulated by the incident primary beam of electrons. As will be discussed below, this process is also the basis of essentially the same technique but performed in an electron spectrometer. When carried out this way, the technique is known as electron microprobe analysis (ema). 

The stmcture of the blue material was not elucidated until 1934, when it was shown to be the iron complex of (67). The new material was christened phthalocyanine [574-93-6] reflecting both its origin from phthaUc anhydride and its beautihil blue color (like cyanine dyes). A year later the stmcture was confirmed by one of the first uses of x-ray crystallography. 

Even the originator was hesitant to blow his own trumpet. In 1917, the elder Bragg published an essay on physical research and the way of its application , in a multiauthor book entitled Science and the Nation (Bragg 1917). Although he writes at some length on Rdntgen and the discovery of X-rays, he includes not a word on X-ray diffraction, five years after the discoveries by his son and himself. 

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